Exam Cue Cards Flashcards
Memorise
Physical Health and Wellbeing
Relates to the functioning of the body and its systems and the physical capacity to perform daily activities or tasks
Social health and Wellbeing
Relates to the ability to form meaningful and satisfying relationships with others and the ability to manage or adapt appropriately in different social situations
Emotional Health and Wellbeing
Relates to the ability to recognise, understand and effectively manage and express emotions as well as the ability to display resilience
Mental health and Wellbeing
The current state of wellbeing relating to a person’s mind or brain and the ability to think and process information
Spiritual Health and Wellbeing
Relates to the ideas, values, beliefs, and ethics that arise in the mind and conscience of human beings
Health (WHO)
A complete state of physical, mental and social wellbeing, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
Self-assessed Health Status
An individuals own opinion about how they feel about their health, their state of mind and their life in general
Life Expectancy
The number of years of life, on average, remaining to an individual at a particular age if death rates do not change.
Burden of Disease
A measure of the impact of diseases and injuries, specifically it measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability.
Health Status
An individuals or a populations overall health, taking into account various aspects such as life expectancy, amount of disability and levels of disease risk factors
Health Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE’s)
The average length of time an individual at a specific age can expect to live in full health, that is, time lived without the health consequences of disease or injury
Daily Adjusted Life Years (DALY’s)
DALYs are a measure of burden of disease. One DALY is equal to one year of healthy life lost due to illness and/or death.
YLL
Years of life lost due to premature death
YLD
Years of healthy life lost due to disease
Subjective
Influenced by, or based on personal opinions, feelings or opinions
Disease
A physical or mental disturbance involving symptoms, dysfunctions or tissue damage
Infirmity
The quality or state of being weak or ill, often associated with old age
Health and Wellbeing (Textbook)
The state of a person’s physical, social, mental, emotional and spiritual existence, characterised by an equilibrium in which the individual feels happy, healthy, capable and engaged
Illness
a subjective concept related to personal experience of a disease or injury
Peace
Relates to a time of no war or conflict
Shelter
Relates to the quality of and access to basic housing
Education
Relates to the level of education attained or expected
Food
Relates to adequate levels of nutrition and vitamins
Income
Relates to adequate levels of income relative to the country of residence
Stable Ecosystem
When a balance is achieved between the environment and the organisms living there
Sustainable Resources
Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs
Social Justice
Equal distribution of resources and opportunities
Equity
Being fair and impartial
Under 5 Mortality Rate (U5MR)
The number of deaths children under 5 years of age have per 1000 live births
Mortality
The number of deaths of a population in a given period
Morbidity
Ill health in an individual and levels of ill health within a population
Incidence
Refers to the number of new cases of a disease or condition in a population during a given period
Prevalence
The total number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time.
Maternal Mortality Ratio
The number of mothers who die as a result of pregnancy, childbirth or associated treatment per 100000 women who give birth
Infant Mortality Ratio
The rate of deaths of infants before their firstbirthday, usually expressed per 1000 live births
Mortality Rate
The measure or proportion of a population who die in one a year period, usually per 100 000
Smoking
Smoking generally relates to the use of tobacco, but can also include marijuana and other drugs.
Alcohol
Alcohol is a substance that can cause drunkenness and changes in consciousness, mood, and emotions
High BMI
High body mass index is over 25 or 30 for obesity
under consumption of vegetables
Vegetables provide essential nutrients that assist the functioning of the body systems.
Under consumption is under 5 serves per day.
Under consumption of fruit
Under 2 serves per day.
Under consumption of dairy
Dairy is essential for adequate levels of calcium and therefore bone density.
High intake of fat
All fats area concentrated source of energy and if overconsumed can lead to weight gain and obesity.
High intake of salt
Sodium is required for optimal human functioning but too much can contribute to negative health outcomes.
High intake of sugar
Sugars are a type of carbohydrate found naturally in some foods such as fruit and honey
Low intake of fibre
Fibre is a type of carbohydrate that is required for optimal health and wellbeing.
Low intake of Iron
Iron is an essential part of blood. Is associated with haemoglobin.
Old Public Health (explanation)
Government actions that focused on changing the physical environment to prevent the spread of disease such as water sanitation and improved work conditions.
Old Public Health (Policies/practices)
Quarantine laws, Sewage systems, Water sanitation, Improved work conditions
Explanation of the switch to health promotion
To bring about individual behaviour change by making people aware of the causes of ill health such as tobacco smoking, physical inactivity, poor diet and excessive alcohol consumption.
Biomedical approach (explanation)
A model that focuses on the physical and biological factors of disease or illness. Used by health professionals for diagnosis, treatment and cure.
Biomedical approach (Advantages)
Extends life expectancy, Improves quality of life, Allows for diseases and illnesses to be treated
Biomedical approach (Disadvantages)
Doesn’t always promote good health and wellbeing, Not every condition can be treated, Costly
Social Model (explanation)
An approach that recognises improvements in health and wellbeing can only be achieved by directing effort towards addressing the physical, sociocultural and political environments of health that have an impact on individuals and population groups
New Public Health (description)
An approach to health that expands the traditional focus on individual behaviour change to one that considers the ways in which physical, sociocultural and political environments impact on health.
Social Model (principles)
Acts to enable access to healthcare, Empowers individuals and communities, Addresses the broader determinants of health, Involves intersectoral collaboration, acts to reduce social inequalities
Social Model (advantages)
Promotes good health and wellbeing, Cheaper than biomedical, Education can be passed down generations
Social Model (disadvantages)
Not every condition can be prevented, Health promotion messages may be ignored, does not address health and wellbeing of individuals.
Ottawa Charter (explanation)
An approach to health developed by the World Health Organization that aims to reduce inequalities in health. It reflects the social model of health and provides five action areas that can be used as a basis for improving health status, all of which are centred around three strategies for health promotion which are enabling, mediating and advocacy.
Ottawa Charter (Strategies)
Advocate, Enable, Mediate
Public Health
The ways that governments monitor, regulate and promote health status to prevent disease
Ottawa Charter (action areas)
Build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.
Medicare (explanation)
Medicare is Australia’s universal health insurance scheme established in 1984, it provides all Australian permanent residents and people from countries with reciprocal agreement access to subsidised healthcare.
What does Medicare not cover? (2)
Ambulance services, Most dental examinations and treatments.
Scheduled Fee (explanation)
The amount that Medicare contributes towards certain consultations and treatments.
What does Medicare cover? (2)
X-rays, Doctor/specialist consultations
Medicare safety net
The Medicare Safety Net provides extra financial assistance for those that incur significant out-of-pocket costs for Medicare services.
Out of pocket expense (explanation)
The fee that the patient needs to pay using their own personal money.
How is Medicare funded?
Medicare levy (2%), Medicare levy surcharge (1.5%), general taxation
PBS
Created in 1948, the PBS provides lifesaving and disease-preventing medication to the community at a subsidised price.
PBS safety net
Once an individual or family has reached a threshold for out-of-pocket expenses, they are eligible for concession prices for PBS medicines.
NDIS
The NDIS is a national insurance scheme that provides services and support for people with permanent, significant disabilities, and their families and carers.
Four ways that NDIS can assist participants
Access mainstream services and supports, Access community services and supports, Access community services and supports, Receive reasonable and necessary funded supports
Private Health Insurance
Private health insurance is a type of insurance under which members pay a premium in return for payment towards health-related costs not covered by Medicare.
PHI services
Private hospital cover, general treatment cover
PHI advantages
Enables access to private hospital care, Choice of doctor in private/public hospital, Lifetime health cover incentive
PHI disadvantages
Costly premiums, Insurance may not cover the whole fee (gap)
Four PHI incentives
Age-based discount, Medicare Levy surcharge, Lifetime health cover, Private health insurance rebate
Health Promotion
The process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health
Why is smoking targeted?
Smoking is the leading preventable risk factor in Australia, Half of all long-term smokers will die prematurely due to smoking, Smoking affects lower SES populations disproportionately.
Effectiveness in health promotion (smoking)
Health promotion activities relating to smoking have seen smoking rates decline from 44% for males and 33% for females in 1976, to approx. 16% for males and 11% for females in 2018.
MyQuit Buddy (explanation)
MyQuit Buddy is a free smartphone app which was created to assist Australian smokers of any age, gender or socioeconomic status to quit smoking.
MyQuit Buddy (Ottawa Charter)
Develops personal skills, providing information .
Creates supportive environments allowing users record personal goals, motivation using pictures, words and voice messages that can be shared to a community board.
Quit Victoria (explanation)
a program funded by the Victorian government and VicHealth that aims to decrease the prevalence of smoking by assisting smokers to quit and preventing the uptake of smoking in non-smokers.
Quit Victoria (Ottawa)
Creates supportive environments by assisting health professionals, community groups and various population groups to create environments that support quitting.
- Develops personal skills by providing advice and practical strategies for quitting
- Quit builds healthy public policy by undertaking research and providing advice to Vic government so that they can implement healthy policies.
Aboriginal Quit line
Is a telephone counselling service that creates a supportive environment by providing confidential support for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people who want to quit smoking. It also develops personal skills through information on different quitting methods and products provided.
Feedin’ the mob
Feeding the Mob is a nutrition, physical activity and healthy lifestyle program for Aboriginal Australians. It strengthens community action by encouraging the community to be involved in activities that draw on local culture to develop personal skills by teaching benefits of healthy lifestyle and eating benefits
Why were the ADG’s introduced?
to be used by health professionals, educators industry bodies and other parties in promoting healthy eating.
Australian Dietary Guidelines
guidelines that allow individuals to access up-to-date, scientifically based dietary advice that will help in the prevention of diet-related chronic diseases and will improve health and wellbeing of the Australian community.
Describe Nutrition Australia
Nutrition Australia is non-government major community education body for nutrition established in 1979 that aims to promote healthy eating and adequate physical activity.
List 3 things that Nutrition Australia do
Publishes hundreds of free healthy recipes on their website, Nutrition seminars and workshops, Acts as a source of scientific information on key nutrition issues
Describe the Healthy Eating pyramid
The healthy eating pyramid is a simple visual guide to the types and proportions pf food that individuals should eat every day for good health and wellbeing, it contains five core food groups, plus healthy fats.
List 2 advantages (HEP)
Provides a visual representation that is easy to understand and does not require literacy skills , Mentions limiting salt intake and added sugar intake.
2 disadvantages (HEP)
Serving sizes for composite foods are not included, Is not adapted to individuals and their culture, religion, preferences etc.
Can I identify 4 challenges in bringing about dietary change in Australia
Personal preference, Time constraints and convenience, Education/nutrition knowledge and cooking skills, Food Marketing and media
ADG 1
To achieve and maintain a healthy body weight, be physically active and choose amounts of nutritious foods and drinks to meet your energy needs.
ADG 2
Enjoy a wide variety of nutritious food from the five food groups every day.
ADG 4
Encourage, support and promote breastfeeding
ADG 3
Limit intake of saturated fat, added salt, sugar and alcohol
ADG 5
prepare and store food safely.
Human Development
creating an environment in which people can develop to their full potential and lead productive, creative lives according to their needs and interests. It is about expanding people’s choices and enhancing capabilities , having access to knowledge, health and a decent standard of living, and participating in the life of their community and decisions affecting their lives
Human Development Index
A statistical decimal measure from 0 to 1 created by the united nations as a tool to measure and rank the social and economic development of countries. It is a statistic based on three dimensions, a long healthy life, Knowledge and a decent standard of living. These dimensions are represented by four indicators of life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling and gross national income per capita.
Sustainability
The ability to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Economic sustainability
Ensuring that average incomes in all countries are adequate to sustain a decent standard of living and continue to rise in line with inflation and living costs in the future
Social sustainability
Creating an equitable society that meets the needs of all citizens and can be maintained indefinitely
Environmental sustainability
Ensuring the natural environment is used in a way that will preserve resources into the future
Environmental characteristics
Access to safe water, housing conditions, food security
Disadvantages of HDI
Only reflects selected aspects of human development, does not reflect inequalities within countries due to it being based off averages
Social characteristics
Education levels, gender equality levels, Healthcare systems, employment levels
Advantages of HDI
is effective for analysing progress that is made by countries over time, takes more than just average incomes into account
Environmental sustainability considerations
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Waste removal and pollution, use of natural resources
Economic characteristics
Income, trade opportunities, range of opportunities
Social sustainability considerations
Gender Equality, access to safe and decent work conditions, Peace and security
Economic sustainability considerations
Innovation and diversity of industries, job creation, trade, economic growth
3 actions of SDG 3
having access to essential medicines and vaccines, achieving universal health coverage, access to sexual and reproductive healthcare services
SDG 3 Aim
Aims to promote physical and mental health and wellbeing, and extend life expectancy by addressing the major causes of morbidity and mortality in all countries.
3 outcomes of SDG 3
Reduce maternal mortality, reduce non-communicable diseases, promote mental health and wellbeing
3 Key features of SDG 3
communicable/non-communicable disease, U5MR, Preventable deaths, universal health coverage, sexual and reproductive healthcare services
WHO priority 1
Achieving universal health coverage (provide health) e.g. Access to medicines, vaccines and health products
WHO priority 2
Addressing health emergencies (protect health) e.g. health promotion and disease prevention
WHO priority 3
Promoting healthier populations (promote health) e.g. eradicating high impact communicable diseases
WHO Work 1
Provide leadership and create partnerships to promote health and wellbeing
e.g. coordinating relief efforts in time of disaster
WHO Work 2
Carry out research and provide health and wellbeing information
e.g. funding for research in relation to vaccines
WHO Work 3
Set norms and standards
– The WHO essential medicine list
WHO Work 4
Develop policies to help countries take action to promote health and wellbeing
– Global framework convention on tobacco control
WHO Work 5
Provide technical support and assisting health systems to become sustainable
– national health finance strategy
WHO Work 6
Monitor health and wellbeing and assess health and wellbeing trends
– Produces the world health statistics
Emergency aid (definition)
rapid assistance given to people or countries in immediate distress to relieve suffering during and after emergencies such as wars and natural disasters
Aid (definition)
assistance given to countries or communities in the event of a crisis or for the development of long-term sustainable improvements
Bilateral aid (definition)
the provision of aid from the government of one country to the government of another country
Bilateral aid (example)
Australian government helping the papa new guinea government rebuild 6 bridges after Cyclone Guba
Multilateral aid (definition)
aid provided through an international organisation, such as the World Bank, United Nations or World Health Organization
Multilateral aid (example)
GAVI- The vaccine alliance, aid to the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
Non-government aid (definition)
not for profit aid that works independently from the government
Non-government aid (example)
red cross providing emergency medical supplies to conflict-torn countries
Why Australia gives aid
Strengthening private sector development, enabling human development, provision of official development assistance, promote our national interests by contributing to sustainable economic growth and poverty reduction.
infrastructure
Aid Priority (T)
Infrastructure, trade facilitation and international competitiveness
Agriculture
Priority (A)
Agriculture, fisheries and water
Edu
Aid Priority (First E)
Education and Health
Resilience
Aid Priority (B)
Building Resilience (humanitarian assistance, disaster risk reduction and social protection)
Governance
Aid Priority (Second E)
Effective Governance (policies, institutions and functioning economies)
Equality
(Aid Priority) (B)
Gender Equality and Empowering women and girls
Non-Government Organisation (definition)
non-profit organisations work to promote health and wellbeing and human development and they operate separately from governments
World Vision (explanation)
World vision is a non-government organisation that works with children, families and communities around the world to overcome poverty and injustice. It works in more than 90 countries, with local staff who understand and appreciate the needs of the culture
World Vision (work)
Intensive feeding programs for malnourished children, Training and equipping health staff, Agricultural training on growing a new and more diverse range of crops
Red cross (explanation)
The Red Cross is a non-government organisation that aims to improve the lives of vulnerable people in Australia and internationally by mobilising the power of humanity
Red Cross (work)
Installing safe drinking water and sanitation facilities, Providing first aid training to Prevent the spread of Ebola in West Africa, Providing emergency specialist aid workers
4 Ways to evaluate effectiveness
Ownership, Partnerships and collaboration, Focus on Results, Transparency and mutual accountability
Ownership
needs of local community, relevant sociocultural and political factors in the planning process, implemented in a socio-culturally sensitive way
Partnerships and Collaboration
Stakeholders, input, appropriate, training locals, strengths and expertise, community involvement and ownership
Focus on Results
Focuses on women, aid reaches those who need it, addresses patterns of disease and illness, seeks to reduce poverty and inequality
Transparency and Mutual Accountability
Information is published and openly available, funding is used for its intended purpose, regular monitoring of progress against program aims
WaterAid (type of aid)
Non-government Aid
WaterAid (SDG1)
Reduced waterborne diseases - income - poverty rates
WaterAid (SDG2)
Safe water - nutritious crops - food security
WaterAid (SDG3)
Waterborne diseases = communicable disease = U5mortality rate
WaterAid (SDG4)
Children do not need to travel to collect water= access to quality primary and secondary education
WaterAid (SDG5)
women do not need to travel to collect water =education, income, health of their families
WaterAid (SDG13)
access to safe water supplies = more resilient to contamination of drinking water from climate-related disaster
WaterAid (purpose)
To transform the lives of the poorest and most marginalised people by improving access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene, with an understanding that extreme poverty cannot be eradicated without universal access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene
WaterAid (implementation 1)
Organising the building of pumps, wells and toilets In close proximity to homes and villages in low-income countries.
WaterAid (implementation 2)
Training locals to maintain the wells and pumps to ensure longevity of the infrastructure after WaterAid workers leave the respective villages
WaterAid (implementation 3)
Arranging education programs for locals and teaching them about different sanitation programs to improve health
WaterAid (HW)
By organising pumps and wells in close proximity to homes, individuals are less likely to suffer from exhaustion/injury from travelling to collect water, children are able to attend school, allowing them to develop the vocational skills required to earn an income and purchase nutritious foods that promote the effective functioning of the body and its systems, promoting physical health and wellbeing.
WaterAid (HD)
By training women to maintain infrastructure, as well as act educators for future generations, WaterAid enhances these women’s capabilities and allows them to participate in the life of their community
WaterAid (Effectiveness)
By organising the building of pumps and wells enclose proximity to homes, WaterAid meets the needs of the community through safe, accessible drinking water. By training locals to maintain the wells and pumps, WaterAid involves local people from implementation to completion and removes the barriers for people to access these pumps and wells are through the ability to maintain and repair this infrastructure
3 ways of making social change
Volunteer, Sign Petitions, Donate money to NGO’s
