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1
Q

define civilization

A

an advanced stage of human cultural development which implies the use of superior technology and complex economic relationships

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2
Q

list 4 traits which mark a civilisation

A

evolution of cities
surplus food
system of writing
public building

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3
Q

give 3 points on the progress of man between 4000-3000bc

A

he took to agriculture and made more efficient tools and lived a settled life on banks of rivers
civilizations could produce surplus food due to the agricultural potential of the river banks.
these causes allowed people to become specialists and develop new skills instead of producing food.

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4
Q

list 3 skills that people developed between 4000-300 bc

A

writing
seal making
large-scale construction

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5
Q

list 2 advantages of metal over stone

A

higher durability

metals could be used for making a variety of tools and weapons

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6
Q

which was the first metal to be discovered

A

copper

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7
Q

what is the chalcolithic period

A

the period when man use both stone and copper tools

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8
Q

how was bronze produced

A

by mixing copper with tin or zinc to form an alloy

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9
Q

why was bronze more suitable than copper for the manafacture of tools and weapons

A

bronze is harder and more ductile

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10
Q

list 4 bronze age civilizations by 2500 bc and their location

A

harappan civilisation- in northern and western parts of india and pakistan
mesopotamian civilization- on the banks of river tigris and euphrates in modern day iraq
the chinese civilization- in the valley of hwang ho and yangtze rivers
the egyptian civilization- on the banks of the nile river.

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11
Q

define the term culture

A

a group of objects distinctive in style usually found in a specific geographical area

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12
Q

give 2 examples of culture in the harappan civilisation

A

weights, stone blades

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13
Q

why is the indus valley civilization also called the harappan civilisation

A

this is because the harappan site was the first to be discovered

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14
Q

where is harappa situated

A

west punjab, pakistan

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15
Q

list 4 sources of the harappan civilization

A

the great bath, the citadel, seals, bearded man

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16
Q

explain 4 features of the great bath

A
  • the construction indicates that there was a high level of perfection in the art of building during that time
  • the structure is huge which points out that there couldve been a ruling class which mobilised labour and collected taxes to build the structure
  • scholars agree that the great bath might have been used for religious purposes, which indicates the importance attached to ceremonial bathing
  • the design shows efficient planning of water supply and sewage disposal
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17
Q

explain the structure of the great bath in 4 points

A
  • has a large rectangular tank in a courtyard surrounded by a corridor in each side
  • there are 2 flights of stairs in the north and south leading to the tank.
  • to make it watertight, burnt bricks, mortar lines with bitumen and gypsum was used
  • the water was provided by a well in a nearby room.
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18
Q

list 3 points on the structure of the citadel

A
  • It was the raised area of each city
  • it owed its height to the buildings on mudbrick platforms.
  • had the houses of the ruling class and important buildings like the great bath
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19
Q

list 2 points on the significance of the citadel

A

it points to the elaborate planning that went into the cities and justifies that the civilization was an urban one.
the presence of specific buildings indicates some sort of social classification

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20
Q

describe the seals in 3 points

A
  • Most of the seals are rectangular or square but some are circular
  • Most of them are comprised of short inscriptions with pictures of the bull, buffalo, tiger, goat, elephant and rhino,
  • Materials used in the the seals are terracota, steatite, agate etc.
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21
Q

what is the significance of the seals in 3 points

A
  • they showed the artistic skills of the harappans
  • they provide information about the script, trade, religion and beliefs of the harappans
  • the seals were used in trade and found in various regions indicating that that harappan trade spread across vast area
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22
Q

describe the seals of pashupati and what is its significance

A

it shows a three faced deity wearing a buffalo-horned dress sitting cross legged on a throne surrounded by an elephant, a tiger, a buffalo, a rhino with 2 deer at his feet
- it shows that the people believed in shiva

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23
Q

what does the unicorn seal show (1 point)

A

it shows their mythical beliefs

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24
Q

describe the structure of the bearded man and explain its significance (3 points)

A

Stone sculpture of a bearded man wearing a shawl over his left shoulder and his eyes are half closed

  • Some scholars believe this is a statue of a yogi due to its structure
  • It points to the skilled artisans in the harappan civilization
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25
Q

where was the bearded man found

A

mohenjo-daro

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26
Q

describe the structure of the dancing girl and its importance in 3 points

A
  • It is a bronze statue of a dancing girl
  • The right arm of the girl rests on the hip and the left arm is bangled, it holds a bowl against her leg
  • It shows the high degree of development in the art of sculpture
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27
Q

where was the dancing girl found

A

mohenjo-daro

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28
Q

list 3 points on the structure of the dockyard

A
  • It is rectangular in shape,
  • Surrounded by a big brick wall for protection against floods.
  • It was made of baked bricks
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29
Q

list the significance of the dockyard (2 point)

A

it was an important trading and manufacturing centre.

it was used to carry out overseas trade

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30
Q

where was the dockyard discovered

A

lothal in gujarat

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31
Q

explain how seals were used in trade (2 points)

A
  • The seals were used to stamp goods

- After a bag with goods was tied, a layer of wet clay was applied and the seal was pressed on it

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32
Q

give 2 points on the harappan script

A

It is pictographic as its signs represent birds, fish and varieties of human form.
There are around 375-400 signs in the script

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33
Q

what are the 2 groups of theories on the origin of the indus valley civilization

A

foreign origin and indigenous origin

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34
Q

explain the foreign origin theory in 4 points

A
  • some scholars believed that the civilisation came into existence due to sudden migration of people with an urban civilization to the indus basin
  • According to those scholars, the harappan civilization was an offshoot of the mesopotamian civilization.
  • However excavations at various sites show striking difference between the 2 civilizations
  • This theory has been rejected due to no evidence of trade with mesopotamia during early harappan period has been found
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35
Q

explain the indigenous origin theory in 4 points

A
  • Recent research shows the root of harappan civilisation in indian soil
  • According to some historians, the urban harappan culture was an outgrows of local village cultures
  • These cultures probably contributed to the growth of the harappan civilisation
  • The trade contacts with mespotamia helped find similarities between pre-harappan and proto-harappan cultures in terms of granary, defense walls and trade in some settlements which helped historians conclude that the civilisation evolved from these agricultural communities.
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36
Q

what is the extent of harappan culture

A

covered parts of punjab, haryana, sindh, baluchistan, gujarat, rajasthan and fringes of UP.

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37
Q

what are the 4 main centres of the civilization and where are they located

A

harappa, mohenjo-daro, chanhudaro and sutkagendor in pakistan.

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38
Q

list 2 centres of the civilisation in india

A

lothal and kalibangan

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39
Q

which are the 4 largest sites of the civilization

A

mohenjo-daro, harappa, kalibangan and lothal

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40
Q

list 4 common elements between mohenjo-daro and harappa

A

both are located on river banks
both measured around 5km in circuit
water supply drainage and granaries were common in both cities
ground planning including layout of streets and blocks of houses were present in both

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41
Q

list 4 cities where the harappan culture is prominent and their location

A

Harappa- montgomery district of punjab
Mohenjo-daro - larkhana district of sindh
Lothal- in gujarat at the head of the gulf of cambay
kalibangan- in northern rajasthan

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42
Q

what were the 2 parts each city was divided into, how were they divided

A

the citadel and the lower town, they were divided by a wall

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43
Q

what did the lower town contain

A

residential buildings

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44
Q

list 4 features of urban planning

A
  • streets followed a grid pattern
  • houses at street corners were rounded to allow carts to pass easily
  • waste water was emptied into street drains.
  • The streets crossed at right angles, dividing the city into square or rectangular blocks
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45
Q

list and explain 5 characteristics of housing in the harappan civilization

A
  • residential buildings were built on a high mound to protect them from floods
  • there were variations in the size of houses from single room to bigger houses with upto 12 rooms
  • The entrances of the houses were from narrow lanes which cut the streets at right angles
  • the kitchen was placed in a corner of the courtyard and the ground floor contained storerooms and well chambers
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46
Q

what type of weights did harrappan people use

A

cubical stone weights

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47
Q

what was the basic unit of weight in harrappa

A

16, larger weights were multiples of sixteen and smaller weights for fractions of 16

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48
Q

list 3 modes of transport in harappa

A

ships, boats and carts

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49
Q

give 4 types of arts and crafts in the civilization

A

sculpture, dress, ornaments, toys and amusements

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50
Q

give 3 points on sculpture in the harappan civilization

A
  • Harappan artists were skilled sculptors
  • the statue of a bearded man and the statue of a dancing girl are popular sculptures found
  • Sculpture in metal was done through the special lost wax process
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51
Q

Describe the lost wax process in 3 points

A
  • Wax figures were covered in clay.
  • The wax was melted which created a hollow mould.
  • The mould was filled with molten metal which took the shape of the original object,
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52
Q

describe the clothing of the harappan people in 2 points

A
  • men used to wear a dhoti as depicted on a potsherd and a shawl as depicted on the sculpture of a bearded man.
  • women worse a skirt and used a clock, discovery of needles and buttons showed that some of their clothes were stitched.
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53
Q

talk about the ornaments in the harappan civilization in 2 points

A

ornaments were worn by men and women

- they were made of gold, silver, precious stones and ivory

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54
Q

give 3 examples of ornaments used

A

necklaces, finger-rings, bangles

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55
Q

give 2 ways people entertained themselves in the civilisation

A

people played dice

people went on hunting and fishing expeditions

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56
Q

what were the 2 main instruments of the harappan people

A

drum and the lyre

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57
Q

list the 4 causes of the decline of the civilization

A

Floods and earthquakes, increased aridity, deforestation, attack

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58
Q

list 3 points on flood an earthquakes as a cause of decline

A
  • Some scholars believe that floods in mohenjo-daro let to the abandonment of that settlement
  • They have infered this from the fact that the streets were covered with silty clay left by flood waters.
  • Such flooding could not be the result of normal flooding, earthquakes might have raised the level of the flood plains.
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59
Q

list 2 points on increased aridity as a cause of decline

A
  • According to some historians, the harappan civilisation declined due to increased aridity and drying up of the river ghaggar
  • The sutlej stream was captured by the indus river and the yamuna joined the ganges, this left the ghaggar waterless
  • The ecological disturbances due to increased aridity led to the decline.
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60
Q

List 2 points on deforestation as a cause of decline

A
  • Lots of wood was required to produce bronze as the civilization was a bronze age civilization as well as stoneware, boats and furniture
  • As lots of woods was being cut it could have led to climate change,
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61
Q

List 2 points on attack as a cause of decline

A
  • Some historians that the aryans destroyed indus settlements.
  • According to mortimer-wheeler men and women and children were massacred in mohenjodaro as is evident from the skeletons of 13 males and females and one child lying in a room.
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62
Q

who founded the mauryan empire

A

chandragupta maurya

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63
Q

how did chandragupta maurya create the mauryan empire, 3 points

A
  • He organised a large and powerful army and laid the foundations.
  • He overthrew the nandas from magadha and the greek satraps from the north-west frontier
  • He unified a large part of the indian subcontinent under his centralised government.
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64
Q

Briefly list 2 things ashoka did after the kalinga war

A
  • He devoted his life to human welfare.

- He built many marvels in art and architecture

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65
Q

what are the literary sources of the mauryan empire

A

Arthashastra and indika

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66
Q

list 4 points on the arthashastra

A
  • It is the most important literary source on the mauryans.
  • It is written by kautilya.
  • It is written in sanskrit and has been translated to english now
  • It is a manual which deals with political topics like politics, rules of diplomacy, principles of administration etc.
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67
Q

who is kautilya what are his other names

A
  • He is the advisor and prime minister of chandragupta

- He is also called chanakya and vishnugupta

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68
Q

list 3 points on indika

A
  • Megasthenes wrote the Indika
  • It contained his impressions of what he heard and saw during his time in india.
  • The original indika has been lost but its fragments still survive the in the writings of other greek authors.
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69
Q

who is megasthenes

A

Greek ambassador at the court of chandragupta sent by Seleucus

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70
Q

what are the 2 archaeological sources of the mauryan empire

A

edicts of ashoka and sanchi stupa

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71
Q

what is an edict

A

a decree issued by a sovereign

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72
Q

give 4 points on the edicts of ashoka

A
  • They form the most important source of mauryan history.
  • They are the oldest best preserved and precisely dated records of india.
  • These edicts are inscribed on rocks and pillars throughout the country and include 14 major rock edicts, 7 pillar rock edicts and a number of minor rock edicts.
  • The inscriptions on these edicts provide a insight into the life and ideals of ashoka and mauryan history.
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73
Q

give 4 points on the sanchi stupa

A
  • The sanchi stupa was laid by ashoka at sanchi, about 45km from bhopal
  • There are 4 gateways with carved panels which depicted events from the life of buddha.
  • Buddha is represented by symbols like the lotus or a wheel.
  • The pillars contain sculptures of lions
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74
Q

Give 2 points on stupas in general

A
  • The buddhist stupa represents the spiritual body of buddha containing his relics such as hair, teeth or bones.
    • A casket containing these relics are placed at the base of the dome.
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75
Q

where did chandragupta mee kautilya

A

takshila

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76
Q

why did chandragupta join hands with kautilya

A

because they were both wronged by the nandas

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77
Q

give 4 points on chandraguptas reign

A
  • After a long series of battles, the nanda capital of pataliputra fell and the mauryan dynasty was created
  • Alexander the great ruled many states in the north west of india after his death, the territories were taken over by chandragupta
  • after some time, india was again attacked by seleucus, a former general of alexander, chandragupta defeated seleucus.
  • Chandraguptas empire extended from kabul and kandahar to mysore, bengal and saurashtra
78
Q

List 3 points on the treaty between alexander and seleucus

A
  • Chandragupta got kabul, kandahar, herat and baluchistan
  • Seleucus gave his daughter helen in marriage to chandragupta
  • Chandragupta appointed pushyagupta as the governer of his north-western province
79
Q

give 3 points on the kalinga war

A
  • After ascending the throne, ashoka fought the kalinga war
  • The ruler of kalinga had a powerful army and ashoke faced tough resistance.
  • Both sides suffered heavy losses but kalinga suffered the most losses.
80
Q

list and explain 4 consequences of the kalinga war

A
  • Kalinga changed ashokas personal life, he stopped hunting and eating meat
  • The prisoners of war were used in agricultural work which brought about economic prosperity.
  • Ashoka embraced buddhism and followed some buddhist principles in his state policy like non-violence
  • As war was abandoned, military preparedness and efficiency was declined.
81
Q

talk about pan indian character in 3 points

A
  • seleucus handed chandragupta the 4 provinces of kabul, kandahar, herat and baluchistan
  • Bindusara established his rule over the south of india and ruled the whole of india.
  • The fact that chandragupta spent his last years in karnataka speaks volumes about the all india character of the mauryan empire
82
Q

list 4 chief advantages of the pan-indian character

A
  • it marked the end of small states
  • helped in establishing foreign trade links
  • helped mauryan kings face foreign aggression
  • after ashoka ended conquests and wars, social and economic life of people was paid more attention to
83
Q

list 4 changes in administration which ashoka implemented

A
  • ashoka added a fifth province, kalinga
  • the centralised monarchy was turned into a paternal despotism
  • ashoka simplified many rigorous administrative practices regarding taxation and crop collection which increased productivity and economic activity.
  • Ashoke appointed (mahamatras) governors to look after the welfare of his subjects
84
Q

list the 7 aspects of civil administration

A

central government, provincial government, district administration, administration of cities, the revenue system, the spy system, military administration

85
Q

give 3 points on central government

A
  • the mauryan government was managed by several officers of different ranks but the king was the supreme authority and his throne was hereditary
  • ashoka appointed mahamatras to look after welfare of the people
  • the king was assisted by the council of ministers (mantri parishad) headed by the prime minister, each minister was in charge of his own department.
86
Q

list all the 10 important officers of central government

A 
chief of state (purohit)
senapati- advised king on matters related to war and peace
sannidhata- head treasurer
samaharta- taxation expert
accountant general
in charge of agriculture
superintendent of mines
superintendent of ports
controller of commerce
superintendent of weights and measures
87
Q

who was the head of provincial government

A

kumar or aryaputra (only princes)

88
Q

who assisted the head of provincial government

A

mahamatras

89
Q

list the 3 officers other than mahamatra in the provincial government and their job

A

Pradeshika- collected taxes
rajuka- performed functions of revenue officer
yukta- treasurer

90
Q

what were the provinces divided into

A

districts called janapadas

91
Q

who looked after the administration of janapadas

A

pradeshika, rajuka and yukta

92
Q

what is the head of the city called

A

nagaradhyaksha

93
Q

who looked after the administration of pataliputra

A

committee of 30 members

94
Q

give 3 points on the revenue system

A
  • land revenue was the chief source of income in the mauryan empire, it was one sixth to one fourth of the produce
  • the bali and bagha are the two types of taxes mentioned, bhaga was levied on agricultural produce and cattle at the rate of 1/6, bali was a religious tribute
  • state provided facilities like hospitals and roads from the revenue collected.
95
Q

list the 5 types of taxes,

`

A 
Bali
Bagha
 toll tax imposed on articles on sale
taxes on liquor shops and gambling houses
taxes from forests and mines
96
Q

give 2 points on the spy system

A
  • chandragupta maurya had a wide network of spies, there were spies against the spies and on important matters more than one spy was sent
  • the king was kept informed on the working of the bureaucracy
97
Q

what was the strength of the mauryan military

A

600,000 infantry, 30000 cavalry, 9000 war-elephants and 8000 chariots

98
Q

what were the main weapons used by the mauryans

A

bows, arrows, shields, swords etc.

99
Q

give 4 points on military administration

A
  • The king was the commander in chief of the army
  • the whole army was under a military commission of 30 members
  • The soldiers were paid salary in cash
  • Forts were built at strategic places for the safety of the empire.
100
Q

what is dhamma according to ashokas edicts

A

a common code of conduct

101
Q

list 4 principles of dhamma

A

ahimsa
respect for elders and love for children
he disapproved empty rituals
he taught people to respect all religions

102
Q

list and explain 4 impacts of dhamma on ashokas imperial policy

A

religious unity: people followed a policy of religious tolerance
moral values: people started living a moral life
end of crimes: crime rates where heavily reduced
public welfare: dhamma helped officials undertake public welfare and public schemes which resulted in prosperity.

103
Q

what is the sangam age

A

the period when bulk of tamil literature was composed by a body of tamil scholars and poets in three successive literary gatherings called sangam.

104
Q

who attended the first sangam and what happened to the works from it

A

Gods and legendary sages, all its works have perished

105
Q

what attended the 2nd sangam and what did it produce, which book survived from it

A

Several poets, it produced a large mass of literature but only tolkappiyam survived

106
Q

what is tolkappiyam

A

the oldest book of tamil grammar

107
Q

who attended the third sangam and what did it produce

A

poets, it produced vast literature

108
Q

what is the theme of sangam literature

A

the wars and heroic deeds of the cheras, pandyas and cholas.

109
Q

what are the 2 primary sources of the sangam age

A

tirukkural and megaliths

110
Q

which is one of the most celebrated works of the eighteen minor works

A

tirukkural

111
Q

who wrote tirukkural

A

tiruvalluvar

112
Q

who is tiruvalluvar

A

tamil poet and philosopher

113
Q

what is tirukkural considered as

A

a compound of the teachings of the dharamashastra, arthashastra and the kamasutra,

114
Q

what is the tirukkural comprised of, give 3 points

A
  • It comprises a series of proverbs on many aspects of life
  • it is a collection of tamil couplets organised into 133 chapters
  • each chapter has a specific subject and it preaches simplicity and truth
115
Q

what are the three section the chapters of the tirukkural are grped into, give their meanings

A

aram- righteousness
porul- wealth
inbam or kamam- pleasure

116
Q

what are megaliths

A

box-like structures erected with the stone slaps resting on each other

117
Q

what did megaliths act as

A

burial sites or commemorative memorials

118
Q

what does more than one skeleton in a megalith indicate

A

indicated that people belonging to the same family were buried in the same place at different time periods

119
Q

why were stone circles or boulders placed on the surface of megaliths

A

they served as sign posts to find the burial site

120
Q

what did megaliths contain other than skeletons

A

grave goods like pottery and iron objects

121
Q

what is the significance of grave goods in megaliths- 2points

A
  • they provided a useful insight into the life of people during the sangam age
  • religious beliefs of the megalithic people can also be inferred for examples the presence of tridents in the graves show faith in lord shiva
122
Q

which 4 castes has the tolkappiyam mentioned

A

brahmanas, kings, traders, farmers

123
Q

describe brahmanas in the sangam age, 2 points

A
  • The brahmanas were a respectable and learned community who performed their cast duties scrupuously
  • they served the king sometimes as judicial officers and always as priests and astrologers
124
Q

what were the 5 duties of vaishyas

A

learning, performing sacrifice, making gifts, agriculture, protection of cows and trade

125
Q

describe vellalars in 3 points

A
  • aristocrats who cultivated wetlands
  • had close associations and held high positions of office
  • they also carried out trade
126
Q

what were the 5 areas in the anthologies and who lived there

A

Hilly areas- hunters and gatherers
parched zone- inhabitants lived by plunder and cattle lifting
pastoral tract- inhabitants worked on shifting agriculture and animal husbandry
wet land- inhabited by people working on plough agriculture
littoral land- inhabited by those dependant on fishing and salt extraction

127
Q

give 2 points on food in sangam age

A
  • grain meat and fish formed the chief articles of food, with vegetables milk and milk products
  • grain was converted into flakes and appam soaked in milk was a luxury
128
Q

what did women in high society wear

A

they used corsets and hair past

129
Q

who were ornaments worn by

A

both sexes

130
Q

what did children wear

A

necklace of tiger teeth

131
Q

list 4 forms of entertainment in the sangam age

A
  • music and dance
  • cock fighting and goat fighting
  • gambling
  • wrestling
132
Q

List 3 types of women in sangam society

A
  • married women who had settled down as housewives
  • female ascetics belonging to buddhist or jain tradition
  • courtesans
133
Q

list 2 pros women has in society sangam

A
  • freedom of movement

- provided with good education

134
Q

who introduced marriage rituals and ceremonies

A

aryans

135
Q

list 4 features of sangam economy

A
  • Economy during sangam age was simple and self sufficient
  • people were industrious and believed in living well by earning wealth
  • Sangam literature points to the existence of both the wealthy and poor in society.
  • The wealthy people included kings and those who surrounded them, the poor were either the farm and casual labourers or wandering minstrels.
136
Q

what was the main occupation in the sangam age

A

agriculture

137
Q

what was the main crop in sangam age

A

rice

138
Q

what did the state do in agriculture

A

they undertook construction of embankments and canals for irrigation

139
Q

what was chera country noted for in terms of agriculture

A

jackfruit, pepper and turmeric

140
Q

what was chola country known for in terms of agriculture

A

in chola country a piece of land yielded much paddy

141
Q

give 4 points on other occupations in sangam age

A

Spinning and weaving were the 2nd most widely practiced crafts
Spinning and weaving of cotton and silk had reached a high level of perfection
Spinning was the part time occupation of women
ship-building, metal working, carpentry and rope making were also widely practiced

142
Q

how was most of trade in sangam age carried about

A

barter

143
Q

which was the most commonly accepted medium of exchange in sangam age

A

paddy

144
Q

how was merchandise carried

A

caravans of merchants with carts and pack-animals carried their merchandise

145
Q

what were angadi

A

established markets in big towns

146
Q

what were the centres of foreign trade in sangam ag

A

port cities

147
Q

what were some commodities which were in great demand in foreign markets

A

pepper, ginger, cinnamon, ivory, pearls, cardamom

148
Q

what did the gold and silver coins from the roman empire indicate

A

extent of trade

149
Q

what is the periplus of the red sea

A

Describes navigation and trade of the roman empire

150
Q

name 3 indian ports which are named in the periplus

A

naura, tyndis, muziris

151
Q

name 3 important ports and their location sangam

A

saliyur- pandya
bandar- chera
puhar

152
Q

what is a constitution

A

It is a comprehensive document containing the set of rules that describe the rights and duties of its citizens and the manner according to which the governance of a country is to be carried out.

153
Q

what does a constitution regulate

A

the three organs of the government, the legislative, the executive and the judiciary

154
Q

what is the aim of a constitution

A

to ensure smooth governance for the welfare of its citizens

155
Q

Give 3 points on the implementation of the consitution

A
  • C. Rajagopalachari became governer-general replacing lord mountbatten
  • The constituent assembly became the provisional parliament until the new general elections were held
  • Dr. Rajendra prasad who was the president of the constituent assembly took over as president of the indian union
156
Q

Give 3 points on the significance of january 26

A
  • January 26, 1930 was fixed as the first independence day
  • January 26, 1950 was chosen for commencement of the consitution
  • At the lahore session of congress held in december, 1929 a resolution was passed which declared poorna swaraj or complete independence
157
Q

What does single citizenship mean

A

It means that all indians irrespective of the state of their domicile are citizens of india

158
Q

Why does single citizenship exist

A

This has been done to ward off separatist tendencies and promote fraternity and unity

159
Q

what did the citizenship act 2003 grant

A

Dual citizenship to all the PIOs who migrated to countries after Jan 26, 1950.

160
Q

What priviliges do PIOS have

A

All privileges of an indian citizen other than right to vote

161
Q

What does Universal adult suffrage mean

A

This means that all persons above 18 years of age and above have the right to vote irrespective of their caste, colour, religion etc.

162
Q

What is the joint electorate (2 points)

A

according to this system resident voters have to vote for the same candidate irrespective of his caste or creed
- Some seats are reserved for candidates from scheduled castes and tribes, people from such constituencies have to vote for candidates of that area

163
Q

What is the aim of joint electorate

A

To curb communal politics and foster communal harmony.

164
Q

what are fundamental rights

A

Basic human rights which provide the conditions essential for the all round development of a human being.

165
Q

List and briefly explain the right to equality in 4 points

A
  • Equality before law - guarantees both equality before law as well was equality in protection by law irrespective of economic status, caste, color, creed, religion or sex, practicing any kind of discrimination on these accounts makes it a punishable offence.
  • Equality of opportunity- Provides for equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment under central or state government
    it also allows reserving posts in favour of scheduled castes and tribes.
  • Abolition of untouchability- Abolishes untouchability and its practice in any form, Any person preventing someone from entering a place of public worship or using a public well, transport system etc. can be punished by law
  • Abolition of titles- abolishes all titles like Rai Sahib, Maharaja etc. these titles are considered a negation of equal status for all, titles such as bharat ratna given for meritorious achievements are not covered.
166
Q

list 4 aspects of right to freedom

A

Six basic freedoms and limitations
Protection in respect of conviction for offences
protection of life and personal liberty
protection against arrest and detention

167
Q

what are the 6 basic freedoms

A

Freedom of speech and expression
Freedom to assemble peacefully without arms
Freedom to form associations and unions
Freedom to move freely throughout india
Freedom to reside and settle in any part of india
Freedom to practice any profession, trade or business

168
Q

List 3 limitations of right to freedom with brief explanation

A

Emergency: Basic freedoms can be suspended during emergency
Not absolute: The security of state and national interest being of most priority , reasonable restrictions could be imposed on the implementation of the right to freedom

Laws of parliament: Legislations like Preventive detention, Essential services maintenance act impose certain restrictions on right to freedon

169
Q

list 3 points on protection in respect of conviction for offences

A

The following protections are available:
Against greater penalty than what is prescribed under law is prohibited
-No one can be punished or prosecuted for the same offence twice
-A person cannot be compelled to be a witness in the case where he himself is accused for the offence

170
Q

in one point explain protection of life and personal liberty

A

A person cannot be deprived of his life and liberty except in accordance with the law

171
Q

explain protection against arrest and detention in 2 points

A

These rights are given under 2 circumstances:

  • Ordinary circumstances: In the case of arrest under ordinary circumstances the arrested person has the following rights
    (a) To be informed of their offence
    (b) to be presented before a magistrate within 24 hrs from the time of arrest
    (c) the right to consult a lawyer and prepare for defence at the trial
  • Preventive detention: In this case the person has these following rights
    (a) Preventive detention is only a precautionary measure
    (b) Detention beyond 3 months can be extended only by an advisory board with a judge of high court
    (c) Grounds of detention have to be specified and the detainee should be informed of the same, they have the right to make representation against the detention order
172
Q

list 2 limitations of protection against arrest and detention

A
  • Public interest- The authority of the state can take recourse to public interest and refuse to disclose the grounds of detention
  • Power of the parliament- The parliament has the power to specify the maximum period of preventive detention
173
Q

list 3 points on right against exploitation and explain

A
  • Freedom from slavery, beggary or other forced labour
  • Trafficking in human beings- Buying and selling of humans is prohibited and so is the use of women or girls for immoral purposes
  • Prohibits employment of children below the age of 14 in factories, mines and other dangerous occupations
174
Q

list 3 points on right to freedom of religion

A
  • All persons are entitled to freedom of conscience and the right to freely profess, practice and propagate their religion
  • No person shall be compelled to pay taxes for the promotion of a particular religion
  • No religious instruction shall be provided in any institution wholly maintained out of state funds
175
Q

give 2 points on cultural and educational rights

A
  1. Gives people the right to preserve their language script and culture
  2. In the matter of admission to any educational institute maintained by the state, admission cannot be denied on the grounds of religion, colour, caste, creed or sex
176
Q

list 5 important writs

A 
Habeas corpus
Mandamus
Writ of prohibition
Writ of certiorari
quo warranto
177
Q

give 2 points on habeas corpus

A
  • It means ‘to have the body’

- By issuing this writ the high court or supreme court can get anyone released if they have been unlawfully detained.

178
Q

give 2 points on mandamus

A
  • means ‘we order’

- It is a command from a superior court to a lower or an administrative authority to perform a duty

179
Q

what is writ of prohibition

A

An order issued by a superior court to a lower court to stop proceedings in a case which might exceed its jurisdiction.

180
Q

what is writ of certiorari

A

Issued by a superior court to a judicial authority desiring to know what is going on.

181
Q

give 2 points on quo warranto

A
  • means ‘by what order’
  • Is issued when a person has usurped any office, thus preventing public officers from forcibly or wrongly holding a high public office.
182
Q

Give 3 points on right to constitutional remedy

A
  • Dr. Ambedkar described it as the ‘heart and soul of the constitution’
  • This right is given to citizens to move supreme court for the enforcement of other fundamental rights.
  • Under this, the supreme court and high courts are empowered to issue writs
183
Q

what does right to education state

A

“The state shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of 6 to 14 years in such manner as the state may, by law, determine”

184
Q

give 2 points on check on arbitrary actions of the state

A
  • provides for judicial review of all legislations in india

- constitution has empowered the state to make valid exceptions to the rights

185
Q

list the 11 kinds of fundamental duries

A

To abide by the constitution and respect its ideals and institution

to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom

to uphold and protect the sovereignty unity and integrity of india

to defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so

to promote harmony and spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of india

to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture

to protect and improve the natural environment

to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform

to safeguard public property and to abjure violence

to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity

it is the duty of a parent or guardian to provide opportunities for education to his child or as the case may be, ward between the age of six and fourteen years

186
Q

List 3 cities which were important centres for metallurgy

A

Mohenjo daro, harappa, lothal

187
Q

List 2 towns which provided cotton

A

Lothal and surkotada

188
Q

List 2 towns which were centres of bangle making

A

Balakot and chanhudaro

189
Q

List 2 towns which where centres of manufacutre of beads

A

Lothal and chanhudaro

190
Q

Which was the ancient name given to the indus by mesopotamia

A

Meluha

191
Q

Name 2 trading stations which lay between mesopotamia and meluha

A

Dilmun and makan

History (2 decks)

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