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Exam content Flashcards

1
Q

Chain of Infection

A
  1. aetiological agent (micro-organism)
  2. reservoir (source)
  3. portal of exit from reservoir
  4. method of transmission
  5. portal of entry to the susceptible host
  6. susceptible host
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2
Q

Aetiological Agent - link 1

A
  1. bacteria - pneumonia, TB
  2. viruses - influenza, chicken pox
  3. fungi - thrush, athletes foot
  4. protozoa - malaria
  5. parasites - lice, scabies
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3
Q

Breaking the first link

A

kill the pathogen
* antibiotics
* antivirals
* disinfectants heat
**remove the pathogen **
* biohazard
* burning
* burial
herd immunity

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4
Q

the reservoir - 2nd link

A
  1. where pathogens hang out
  2. can be a location, an environment, population of animals
  3. a human or group of human
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5
Q

Breaking the 2nd link

A
  • Eliminate - the reservoir e.g. food, animals, people
  • isolate- the reservoir from at risk population
  • treat - the reservoir - vaccine, filtration of water
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6
Q

Portal of exit from reservoir - link 3

A

how pathogen gets out of reservoir
* coughing, sneezing, bleeding, breathing, defacting, urinating etc.
* the bite of vector species
* human error e.g. spills
* mechanical failure e.g. faulty filtration; wet masks

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7
Q

Breaking the 3rd link

A
  • block - the pathogen as it leaves the reservoir e.g. cough etiquette, care with body fluids
  • remove access - prevent humans from accessing contents of reservoir
  • eliminate outlet - from reservoir - e.g. spill prevention
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8
Q

Method of transmission - 4th link

A

how the pathogen gets to its next victim
direct transmission:
* direct contact e.g. skin to skin, soil
* droplet e.g. sneezing, coughing, talking
* vertical transmission e.g. mother to baby
Indirect Transmission:
* Air-borne
* vehicle-borne e.g. pen, stethoscope
* vector-borne e.g. mosquito, tick, flea

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9
Q

Breaking 4th link

A
  1. standards precautions
  2. transmisison precautions
  3. stay at home if sick
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10
Q

Portal of entry to susceptible host - link 5
Breaking the 5th link

A

the way the pathogen gets into the body
* care for your skin
* beware of sharps
* use appropriate ppe
* dont touch eyes, nose, mouth

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11
Q

Susceptible Host - link 6

A

the pathogen must reach someone that is susceptible to it in order to produce disease
* impaired immune system
* age, very young, very old
* immunosuppressed due to treatment or chronis illnesses

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12
Q

breaking 6th link

A
  • employing appropriate precautions to protect those with low immunity
  • vaccination - herd immunity
  • use appropriate ppe
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13
Q

HAI - healthcare associated infections

A
  • infections associated with the delivery of healthcare services in a health care facility
  • develop during an individuals stay in a facility or after discharge
  • pain, suffering
  • prolonged stay
  • cost to health budget
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14
Q

5 moments of hand hygiene

A
  1. before touching patient
  2. before a procedure
  3. after a procedure or body fluid exposure
  4. after touching a patient
  5. after touching a patient’s surroundings
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15
Q

Clinical reasoning cycle

A
  1. consider the patient situation
  2. collect cues/info
  3. process info
  4. identify problems/issues
  5. establish goals
  6. take action
  7. evaluate outcomes
  8. reflect on process & new learning
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16
Q

Purpose of nursing assessment

A
  1. find out about clients needs, heath problem, responses to those
  2. identify pateint strengths
  3. identify health risks such as, falling, pressure injury
  4. inform an individualised plan of care
  5. compare previous data
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17
Q

A-G assessment

A

A - airway&oxygenation
B - breathing&ventilation
C - circulation & shock management
D - disability - neurological deterioration
E - exposure&examination
F - fluids&medication infusions
G - glucose

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18
Q

Patient care - SOLER

A

S - sit squarly
O - open posture
L - lean forward
E - eye contact
R - relaxed posture

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19
Q

Signs of malnutrition

A
  • protein - dull, sparse hair
  • iron - spoon nails, pallor
  • B2 - inflammation of corners of mouth
  • B6 - inflammation of tongue
  • Vitamin C - spongy bleeding gums
  • vitamin D child - ricketts
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20
Q

Phases of Swallowing

A
  1. preparation
  2. swallowing
  3. pharyngeal
  4. oesophageal
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21
Q

Preparation for Swallowing

A
  • mastication (chewing) - food moistened and moved around
  • food mixed with saliva
22
Q

Swallowing

A
  • mouth is closed
  • tongue pushes food into pharynx
23
Q

iSoBAR

A

i - identify self and patient
S - situation
o - observations
B - background
A - assess,emt
R - recommendations/readback
*

24
Q

When to assess vital signs

A
  1. on admission
  2. change in health status
  3. before and after any procedure
25
Q

Respiration terms

A

respiration - act of breathing
inspiration - intake of air into the lungs
expiration - breathing out
costal (thoracic) breathing - observed by the movement of the abdomen
ventilation - movement of air in and out of the lungs; exchange of gases

26
Q

Respiratory Rate

A

Adult - 12-20
Newborn - 30-60
Child - 20-30
Adolescent 16-19
Eupnoea, bradypnea, tachypnoea

27
Q

Respiratory Terms pt2

A

dyspnoea - difficulty breathing
orthopnoea - ability to breathe only in upright position
stridor - a shrill, harsh sound heard during inspiration
wheeze - continuous, high-pitched musical squeek or whistling sound

28
Q

Pulse

A

a wave of arterial blood created by contraction of the left ventricle of the heart.

29
Q

Pulse locations

A
  1. temporal artery
  2. carotid artery
  3. radial artery
  4. brachial artery
  5. femoral artery
  6. popliteal artery
  7. posterior tibial artery
  8. dorsalis pedis artery
30
Q

Assessing pulse

A
  1. rate
  2. rhythm
  3. strength
  4. equality
  5. elasticity
31
Q

Assessing Respirations

A
  1. rate
  2. depth
  3. pattern/rhythm
  4. quality/sounds
  5. effectiveness
32
Q

Assessing Consciousness

A

A - alert
V - verbal
P - pain
U - unresponsive

33
Q

Temperature terms

A

Pyrexia/fever - high temp
Febrile a person who is pyrexia
Afebrile - a person who has normal temp
Hypothermia - low temp

34
Q

**Recognising, responding to acute deterioration **

A

relies on detecting, understanding, interpreting abnormal vital signs and escalating care appropriately

35
Q

Blood pressure

A
  • measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg)
  • dependent on: cardiac output, blood volume
36
Q

Systolic Blood Pressure

A

maximum pressure of the blood against the wall of the artery. it occurs during ventricular contraction systole.

37
Q

Diastolic blood pressure

A

the minimum pressure of blood against the wall of the artery. it occurs during ventricular relaxation/rest.

38
Q

signs of hypertension

A
  1. asymptomatic
  2. headache
  3. dizziness
  4. can lead to myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, chronic kidney disease
39
Q

Signs of hypotension

A
  1. dizziness
  2. lightheaded
  3. cold, clammy skin
  4. fainting
40
Q

DRSABCD

A
  • Dangers
  • responsive
  • send for help
  • airway
  • breathing
  • CPR
  • defibrillator
41
Q

ABCDE

A
  • airway
  • breathing
  • circulation
  • disability
  • exposure
42
Q

Hydration

A
  1. serves as a medium for normal cellular function/metabolic reactions
  2. transports nutrients, waste products and other
  3. helps regulate body temp
  4. provides lubrication & acts as a shock absorber
  5. makes up to 60% of the average healthy adults weight
43
Q

Formation of urine

A
  1. blood, waste & water enter the kidney via the renal artery
  2. filtration & reabsorption takes place in the nephron
  3. blood without waste or excess water leaves thr kidney via renal vein
  4. excess water and waste, in the form of urine, leaves the kidney via ureter
44
Q

signs of healthy bladder

A
  1. empties 4-8 times a day
  2. holds 400-600ml
  3. tells you when to go toilet but gives time to find a toilet
45
Q

SOAPIER

A

S - subjective
O - objective
A - assessment
P - plan
I - intervention/implementation
E - evaluation
R - revision

46
Q

Subjective

A
  • consists of info obtained from what the person says. it describes the persons perceptions of an experience with the problem.
47
Q

Objective

A

consists of infro that is measured or observed by use of the senses (e.g. vital signs, xray results)

48
Q

assessment

A

the interpretation or conclusion drawn about the subjective and objective data

49
Q

plan

A

the plan of care designed to resolve the stated problem

50
Q

intervention

A

specific interventions that have actually been performed by the caregiver

51
Q

evaluation

A

includes repsonses to nursing interventions and medical treatments. this is primarily reassessment data.

52
Q

revision

A

reflects care plan modifications suggested by the evaluation.

Professional Practice (1 decks)

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