Exam - Ch 1-3

Question 1

Counterculture

Answer 1

Subculture that identifies itself through its difference in opposition to the dominant culture

Question 2

Crowd

Answer 2

An aggregate of individuals who happen to be together but experience themselves as essentially independent

Question 3

Cultural relativism

Answer 3

A position that all cultures are equally valid in the experience of their own members

Question 4

Cultural capital

Answer 4

The cultural articles ideas articles - ideas, artistic expressions, forms of music are literature - that function as resources that people in the dominant class can use justify their dominance

Question 5

Culture

Answer 5

Both the material basis for social life ans the sets of values and ideals that we understand to define morality, good and evil, appropriate and inappropriate

Question 6

Dramaturgy

Answer 6

Conception of social life as being like a stage play where in we all work hard to convincingly play ourselves as characters such as grandchild body student employee or other roles

Question 7

Dyad

Answer 7

A group of two people, the smallest configuration defined by sociologists as a group

Question 8

Ethnocentrism

Answer 8

Believes that one’s own culture is superior to others, use of her own culture as a reference point by which to evaluate other cultures

Question 9

Ethnomethodology

Answer 9

The study of the social knowledge, codes, and conventions that underlie every day interactions and allow people to make sense of what others say and do

Question 10

Folkway

Answer 10

One of the relatively weak and informal norms that are the result of patterns of action. Many of the behaviors we call manners

Question 11

Group

Answer 11

Collection of individuals who are aware that they share something in common and who interact with one another on the basis of their interrelated roles and statuses

Question 12

Group cohesion

Answer 12

The degree to which individual members of a group identify with each other and with the group as a whole

Question 13

Groupthink

Answer 13

Members of a group attempt to conform their opinion as to what they believe to be the consensus of the group, even if, as individuals, they may consider that opinion wrong or unwise

Question 14

Hard core members

Answer 14

The smallest number of group members, the “inner circle,” who wield a great deal of power to make policy decisions

Question 15

In-group

Answer 15

A group with which you identify and you feel positively toward, producing a “we” feeling

Question 16

In-group heterogeneity

Answer 16

The social tendency to be keenly aware of the subtle differences among the individual members of your group

Question 17

Looking-glass self

Answer 17

The process of how identity is formed through social interaction. We imagine how we appear to others and most of all of our sense of self based on the others reactions, imagined or otherwise

Question 18

Coercive organization

Answer 18

One in which membership is not voluntary, with elaborate formal rules and sanctions

Question 19

Modernism

Answer 19

A belief in progress that challenged tradition, religion, and aristocracies as remnants of the past, and saw industry, democracy, and science is the wave of the future

Question 20

Multiculturalism

Answer 20

The doctrine that several different cultures can coexist peacefully and equitable in a single country

Question 21

Normative organization

Answer 21

Voluntary organization where in members serve because they believe in a goal of the organization

Question 22

Organization

Answer 22

A formal group of people with one or more shared goals

Question 23

Out-group homogeneity

Answer 23

The social tendency to believe that all members of an outgroup are exactly the same

Question 24

Reference group

Answer 24

A group toward which one is so strongly committed, or one that command so much prestige, that we orient our actions around what we perceive that groups perceptions would be

Question 25

Role exit

Answer 25

The process we go through to adjust when leaving a role that essential to our identity

Question 26

Role performance

Answer 26

The particular emphasis or interpretation each of us gives a social role

Question 27

Sapir-Whorf hypotheses

Answer 27

A theory that language shapes our reality because it gives us a way to talk about the categories of life that we experience

Question 28

Social institution

Answer 28

A formal organized system of rules and norms and values that are the major foundation of social life (family, education)

Question 29

Social structure

Answer 29

A complex framework composed of both patterned social interactions and institutions that together organize social life and provide the context for individual action

Question 30

Society

Answer 30

An organized collection of individuals and institutions, bounded by space in a coherent territory, subject to the same political authority and organize through a shared set of cultural expectations in values

Question 31

Subculture

Answer 31

Group within a society that creates its own norms and values distinct from the mainstream and usually it’s own separate social institutions as well

Question 32

Subordinate

Answer 32

Individual or group that possesses a little or comparatively less social power

Question 33

Utilitarian organization

Answer 33

Organization, like the college we attend or the company we work for, whose members belong for a specific instrumental purpose or tangible material reward