Exam Actual Flashcards
Who did NOT write in the vernacular
d’Vitry
Did Petrarch write in the vernacular?
Yes
chiastic stance in Greek statuary
Contraposto
The Italian term Trecento is often used to refer to
14th century
The piece of artwork that best summarized the Renaissance ideals of learning and intellectual inquiry is
Raphael’s School of Athens
The setting of Baccaccio’s Decameron is
plague-ridden Italy
The common people called them plague-boils. From these two parts of the body, the deadly swellings began in a short time to appear and to reach indifferently every part of the body. Then, the appearance of the disease began to change into black or livid blotches which showed up in many on the arms or thighs and in every other part of the body.
Boccaccio
Who wrote…
Ashamed at times, that your fair qualities,
Lady, are still unsaid by me in rhyme,
I think of when I saw you first, yon time,
Such that from thenceforth none beside can please,
But find the weight too heavy for my knees,
The work for my poor brushes too sublime;
Therefore the mind, that knows its power to climb,
In trying at the task, begins to freeze.
Of times ere now, I op’ed my lips to say,
But then my breath stopped short without effect,
Indeed, what voice could rise to such a height!
Of times I have begun to write some lay,
But then the pen, the hand, the intellect
Stopped, conquered at the entrance on the fight.
Petrarch
Who wrote…
He had good horses, yet was far from smart.
He wore a tunic made of coarse thick stuff,
Marked by his chainmail, all begrimed with rust,
Having just returned from an expedition,
And on his pilgrimage of thanksgiving.
With him there was his son, a young squire,
A lively knight-apprentice, and a lover, with hair as curly as if newly waved;
I took him to be twenty year of age.
In stature he was of an average length,
Wonderfully athletic, and of great strength.
Chaucer
Who developed the concept of linear perspective?
Brunelleschi
Michelangelo resisted painting the Sistine chapel because
he considered himself primarily a sculptor, not a painter
The establishment of the printing press served to
increase literacy and inspire new literary forms
Father of Humanism
Petrarch
In whose writings are humanist philosophies really explained?
Pico della Mirandola
Renaissance humanists placed great emphasis on the idea that
learning improves and ennobles people
Which of the following is not characteristic of Petrarchan sonnets?
-personification
-blazon
-conceit
-rhyme scheme
-foreshortening
-quatrain
foreshortening
Michelangelo’s David was
-a symbol of civic pride
-idealized figure
-example of the pagan tone of Florence
-all of the above
all of the above
Ars nova is a term that originally described
a new system of rhythmic notation
Why did the Church become critical of the use of elaborate musical settings in the service? (Select the one that is not true.)
The words of the liturgy were obscured.
Composers were often paid for their music, and the Church didn’t receive a portion of the royalties.
The traditional chant melodies were unrecognizable.
Elaborate polyphony distracted the minds of the congregation and tended to turn the Mass into a virtual concert.
composers were often paid for their music and the Church didn’t receive a portion of the royalities
Copernicus tried to prove that
planets orbit the sun
The first example of the 5 movements of the Ordinary of the Mass set polyphonically by a single composer was written by
Guillaume de Machaut
the practice of chromatically altering certain pitches in music performance during the Renaissance is known as
musica ficta
Josquin des Prez is known for his development of
4 voice motet
the music of Josquin des Prez is known for
-having different groupings of voices
-having music express the meaning of the words
-points of imitation
-being a bridge between the music of the Middle ages and the Renaissance
-all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following is NOT true regarding mensuarl notation, the European system of musical notation use from c. 1260 to 1600
-it evolved as a way to notate complex rhythms
-it was predicated on a single underlying musical pulse, the heartbeat
-it was based on various divisions of time called the modus, the tempus, and the prolatio
-it relied heavily on the 6 rhythmic modes as a shortcut for the notation
it relied heavily on the six rhythmic modes as a shortcut for the notation
Giotto is famous for his
frescoes
In Boticelli’s Birth of venus, Venus represents
the Classical ideal of the female figure
Which of the following is NOT a painting by Botticelli?
-La Primavera
-The Battle of San Romano
-The Birth of Venus
-Adoration of the Magi
-Venus and Mars
The Battle of San Romano
Why is Jan Van Eyck’s painting Giovanni Arnolfi and his Bride considered to be one of the greatest ever?
the mirror
The division of the Catholic Church during the late Medieval period that caused several claimants to the papacy is known as the
Great Schism
By using a secular song, L’Homme Armé, as the cantus firmus of a mass, Dufay
was doing something very common
Which of the following is a characteristic of Florentine Renaissance painting
-close observation of real people
-concern for precise perspective
-concern for psychological states of mind
-use of geometry in composition
-all of the above
all of the above!
The artist who worked both on St. Peter’s Basilica and the Medici Chapel was
Michelangelo
What was NOT a new feature of 14th century music
an intimate connection between poetry and music
Dufay wrote music for
the duomo in Florence
One of the effects of the Black Death on Europe was
inflation
One of the reasons Florence was the engine behind the Renaissance was
its importance as a center for trade and banking
Which of the following are characteristics of the Rucellai palace as a porto-typical Renaissance building?
-horizontally-oriented
-the arches, pilasters, and entablatures replicate the architectural elements of ancient Rome
-symmetry
-geometric patterns
all of the above
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Mannerism?
-disjointed space
-tense or overextended figures
-idealized proportions
-odd colors
-none of the above
idealized proportions
Duccio was a
painter
Machiavelli believed what two things about the church
- had no right to govern in politics
- should be restricted to the spiritual realm
The significance of Cimabue’s Crucifixion lies in
the attempt to show the weight and strain of the figure
The words tempus and prolatio are related to
rhythm and meter
Which of the following is not one of the three major literary works of the Trecento?
-Oration of the Dignity of Man
-The Decameron
-Divine Comedy
-Canterbury Tales
Oration of the Dignity of Man
After the power of the Medici declined, the cultural center of the Renaissance shifted from Florence to_____
Rome
Which of the following is an incorrect statement about Machaut’s music?
He planned the five divisions of the Ordinary as one musical composition rather than as separate pieces.
He composed music “from the top down,” meaning that the topmost voice is the most important voice, rather than the tenor voice is the most important.
He wrote secular music for various poetic formes fixes, like the ballade and the rondeau.
He was the first composer to write in a predominantly homophonic style, paving the way for later Renaissance composers to do the same.
He was the first composer to write in a predominantly homophonic style, paving the way for later Renaissance composers to do the same.
How did the Catholic church make is money?
-remittances of dues from sees around the world
-sale of relics to different churches
-sale of indulgences
-simony
-all of the above
all of the above
in which kind of mass are the movements linked primarily by sharing the same motive or opening phrase
motto mass
Which kind of mass has the same melody (usually borrowed) in the tenor voice in every movement?
cantus firmus mass
Boticelli’s adoration of the magi is note for the portrayal of
-platonic scholars in Florence
-the Holy Family in contemporary clothing
-the Medici family as Nativity characters
-the artist, a kind of self-portrait
-Aristotle and Michelangelo
-the Holy Family in contemporary clothing
-the Medici family as Nativity characters
-the artist, a kind of self-portrait
Which is true about wood cuts and prints?
-the stamp is made quickly and easily
-the artist makes a lot of money with prints
-artists can do a practice run
-prints advertise the artist’s work because they travel
-they are inexpensive to make
-the artist makes a lot of money
-artists can do a practice run
-prints advertise the artist’s work because they travel
-they are inexpensive to make
In 1517, Martin Luther publicly
attacked the Roman Catholic Church
T/F Prince Frederic of Saxony kidnapped Martin Luther and was instrumental in his excommunication.
False
Donatello’s David is significant because it was
-the first free-standing nude figure since Roman antiquity
-more pagan than biblical in spirit
Donatello’s St. Mary Magdalene represents
a meditation on faith and the ravages of life
The exaggerated artistic style that developed out of High Renaissance art is called
Mannerism
Fourteenth-century Italy artists
-looked to Classical models
-were not very good at perspective
-still had Byzantine influence
-began to paint in the International style
-all of the above
all of the above
How did Brunelleschi build the massive dome on the church of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence? (select all that apply)
-he modeled it after the Hagia Sophia using pendentives
-He used interweaving bricks
-He used internal flying buttresses
-He built a dome within a dome
-He used interweaving bricks
-He built a dome within a dome
Who won the competition to create the doors of the baptistery in Florence?
Lorenzo Ghiberti
Which of the following are accomplishments, doctrines, or beliefs of Desiderius Erasmus?
-a corrected version of the Greek NT
-Christians should practice a humbler, purer, and more private faith
-The Praise of Folly
-The Church’s entire liturgical and intellectual apparatus is just rigamarole
-Handbook of a Christian Knight
-His comparative student of languages set the stage for generations of scholars
-Essays on Christianity
-Reading the classics improves a person’s character and faith
-all of the above
all of the above
What was the 1572 St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
Catholics attacked Hugenots in Paris the day before the Protestant Prince Henry of Navarre married Catholic Margaret of Valois
Which is NOT an accomplishment of Cosimo de Medici?
-He founded the Platonic Academy to study Greek language and philosophy
-He left a collection of sonnets comparable to Petrarch’s legacy
-He commissioned Donatello’s David
-He won many friends and had few enemies
-He was the Papal banker for several popes
-He donated money to Florence when the city coffers were empty
He left a collection of sonnets comparable to Petrarch’s legacy
Which of the following were reforms that came of the Council of Trent?
-polyphony was finally banned after centuries of papal disgruntlement towards it
-pilgrimages were banned because they put too much strain on the poor
-the sale of indulgences was banned
-the doctrine of faith and good words was reaffirmed
-Bishops were required to live in their own dioceses
-the worship of saints, relics, and the Virgin Mary was banned
-the sale of indulgences was banned
-the doctrine of faith and good words was reaffirmed
-Bishops were required to live in their own dioceses
Martin Luter
-adapted chants to chorale tunes
-instituted hymn singing to encourage a personal connection with God
-took secular songs and changed the words to sacred words
-translated the Latin mass into German
-all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following influenced Machiavelli’s thinking?
-the Italian wars
-Soderini
-Pope Julius 2 and Cesare Borgia, the leader of the papal armies
-being exiled
-all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of High Renaissance music
-polyphony
-points of imitation
-text-driven music
-freer poetic forms
-changing meters
-composing to include extra-musical references
-all are characteristics of High Renaissance music
all are characteristics of High Renaissance music
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Renaissance art?
-foreshortening
-atmospheric perspective
-incorporating scientific understanding into art
-using space to show the passage of time
-lots of clutter
lots of clutter
Why did Durer make prints from wood cuts?
to make money
T/F Secular music in the Renaissance was often in a homophonic style so that the text could be clearly understood, but there was also some secular music in a polyphonic style
True
When someone depresses a key, metal hammers strike the strings
clavichord
When someone depresses a key, plectra (hooks) rise up to pluck the strings
Harpsichord
When someone depresses a key, a wind channel opens and blows through a pipe
organ
William Byrd time period & birth country
Reformation, England
John Dunstable time period & birth country
Early Renaissance, England
Thomas Tallis time period & birth country
Reformation, Enlgnad
Josquin des Prez time period & birth country
Early Renaissance
Franco-Flemish/Italy and France
Guillaume de Machaut time period & birth country
Late Medieval, French
Guillaume Dufay time period & birth country
Early Renaissance,
Francho-Flemish/Italy and France
Giovanni Palestrina time period & birth country
Counter-Reformation, Italy
Martin Luther time period & birth country
Reformation, Germany
Leonin time period & birth country
Early Medieval, Paris
Perotin time period & birth country
Early Medieval, Paris
T/F The music of the Church of England was radically different from the music of the Catholic church
False
What music is part of the Church of England? (select all that apply)?
-the Mass
-the Service
-anthems
-motets
-hymns (Martin Luther’s influence)
-madrigals
-psalms (John Calvin’s influence)
-the Service
-anthems
-hymns
-psalms
T/F William Byrd was an organist from the late Renaissance
True
How did Byrd get away with writing music in Latin during a time that the Church of England was the state religion?
-He paid a heavy fine for each piece that he wrote for the mass
-He had a good relationship with the queen, who looked the other way and didn’t prosecute
-He left the title page off his pieces so he didn’t draw attention to the language
-polyphony was hard to understand anyway, so people weren’t sure if the music was in Latin or Enlgish
-He composed robust organ accompaniment that obscured the singing
-He had a good relationship with the queen, who looked the other way and didn’t prosecute
-He left the title page off his pieces so he didn’t draw attention to the language
-polyphony was hard to understand anyway, so people weren’t sure if the music was in Latin or English
William Byrd wrote
-both Protestant and Catholic church music
-both vocal and instrumental music
-madrigals
-all of the above
all of the above
T/F El Greco was Spanish
false
T/F El Greco had a hard time getting the religious and royal commissions he desired
True
What Renaissance ideals are reflected in El Greco’s painting?
-bright colors
-his ability to tell a narrative in a single painting
-emotion on faces
-musculature and good anatomy in his painting
-all of the above
all of the above
What is significant about The Burial of Count Orgaz?
-the entire life cycle (birth to death) is represented in the painting
-St. Augustine and St. Stephen miraculously appear at the burial of the count because he settled a debt for the Church
-the painting shows two events happening at once
-the painting is reminiscent of Michelangelo’s Last Judgment, which El Greco studied and admired
-the painting is a radical departure from El Greco’s “normal” style
-it suggest a visionary experience
-the entire life cycle (birth to death) is represented in the painting
-St. Augustine and St. Stephen miraculously appear at the burial of the count because he settled a debt for the Church
-the painting shows two events happening at once
-it suggest a visionary experience
What kind of music did Josquin des Prez write?
-masses
-motets
-chansons
-troubadour songs
-masses
-motets
-chansons
Author:
Imagine! The great generosity of God! The happiness of man! To man it is allowed to be whatever he chooses to be! As soon as an animal is born, it brings out of its mother’s womb all that it will ever possess. Spiritual beings from the beginning become what they are to be for all eternity. Man, when he entered life, the Father gave the seeds of every kind and every way of life possible. Whatever seeds each man sows and cultivates will grow and bear him their proper fruit. If these seeds are vegetative, he will be like a plant. If these seeds are sensitive, he will be like an animal. If these seeds are intellectual, he will be an angel and the son of God. And if, satisfied with no created thing, he removes himself to the center of his own unity, his spiritual soul, united with God, alone in the darkness of God, who is above all things, he will surpass every created thing. Who could not help but admire this great shape-shifter? In fact, how could one admire anything else?
Pico della Mirandola
Author:
“What a piece of work is a man! How noble in reason, how infinite in faculty, in form and moving how express and admirable, in action how like an angel, in apprehension how like a god—the beauty of the world, the paragon of animals!”
William Shakespear
Author:
Why does not the pope, whose wealth today is greater than the wealth of the richest Crassus, build the basilica of St. Peter with his own money rather than with the money of poor believers?
Unless I am convinced by the evidence of Scripture of by plain reason—for I do not accept the authority of the Pope or the councils alone, since it is established that they have often erred and contradicted themselves—I am bound by the Scriptures I have cited and my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and will not recant anything, for it is neither safe nor right to go against conscience. God help me. Amen.
Martin Luther
author:
Many of them work so hard at protocol and at traditional fastidiousness that they think one heaven hardly a suitable reward for their labors; never recalling, however, that the time will come when Christ will demand a reckoning of that which he had prescribed, namely charity, and that he will hold their deeds of little account. One monk will then exhibit his belly filled with every kind of fish; another will profess a knowledge of over a hundred hymns. Still another will reveal a countless number of fasts that he has made, and will account for his large belly by explaining that his fasts have always been broken by a single large meal. Another will show a list of church ceremonies over which he has officiated so large that it would fill seven ships.
Desiderius Erasmus
Author:
Upon this a question arises: whether it be better to be loved than feared or feared than loved? It may be answered that one should wish to be both, but, because it is difficult to unite them in one person, is much safer to be feared than loved, when, of the two, either must be dispensed with. Because this is to be asserted in general of men, that they are ungrateful, fickle, false, cowardly, covetous, and as long as you succeed they are yours entirely; they will offer you their blood, property, life and children, as is said above, when the need is far distant; but when it approaches they turn against you. And that prince who, relying entirely on their promises, has neglected other precautions, is ruined; because friendships that are obtained by payments, and not by greatness or nobility of mind, may indeed be earned, but they are not secured, and in time of need cannot be relied upon; and men have less scruple in offending one who is beloved than one who is feared, for love is preserved by the link of obligation which, owing to the baseness of men, is broken at every opportunity for their advantage; but fear preserves you by a dread of punishment which never fails.
Niccolo Machiavelli
a musical technique applying a repeating rhythmic pattern, called a talea, to a repeating melody in at least one voice part throughout a composition
Isorhythm
awesomeness or emotional intensity of conception and execution in an artist or work of art, originally as a quality attributed to Michelangelo by his contemporaries
Terribilita
strong, well-built figures with strong emotion but linear grace
Michelangelo-esque
the notes you actually see in the score
Musica vera
the practice of singing notes not actually written on the page of music
Musica ficta
smokey haziness in blurred color that softens the outlines
sfumato
strong light and dark contrasts
Chiaroscuro
an existing melody used as the basis for a polyphonic composition
Cantus firmus
changing the words but keeping the music
Contrafactum
an alphanumeric code of assigning a numerical value to a name, word, or phrase based on its letters
Gematria
A plucked stringed instrument used as a solo instrument, part of a small group or to accompany singers
lute
a renaissance instrumental ensemble
consort
a 14-line poem usually broken into an octave and a seset
sonnet
melody and accompaniment, or all voices supporting the melody (which is the most important voice)
homophony
several equal, independent melodic voices working together
polyphony
the selling of church offices
simony
words that are a reminder of death
memento mori
a French secular song
Chanson
a halo
Nimbus
a step or platform on which an altar is placed
Predella
showing something as closer than it is or taking up less horizontal space
foreshortening
a point at which receding parallel lines seem to meet when represented in linear perspective
vanishing point
forms in the distance have less clarity than forms in the foreground, creating 3-D off into the distance, often involves landscapes
atmospheric perspective
applying paint to wet plaster, allowing the plaster to soak up the color
fresco
a group of paintings meant to be seen together as one painting
polyptych
a subject in Christian art depicting the Virgin Mary cradling the dead body of Jesus , most often found in sculpture
Pieta
an iconic formula of the enthroned Madonna with the child Jesus, whether or not accompanied with angels and saints
Maesta
a Christian belief in a state of sin in which humanity has existed since Adam and Eve partook of the forbidden fruit
Original sin
the conception of the Virgin Mary free from original sin
immaculate conception
the doctrine of Christ’s birth from a virgin
Virgin birth
Renaissance theorist whose ideas about music resonated with humanist ideals
Tinctoris
sculptor who did not want to paint the Sistine Chapel
Michelangelo
fiery priest who ruled Florence for 4 years
Savonarola
as sly as a fox and cunning as a lion
Machiavelli
most important Christian humanist of the Renaissance
Desiderius Erasmus
philosophies of humanism are summed up in his book “Oration on the Dignity of Man”
Pico della Mirandola
medieval author considered the father of humanism; wrote sonnets
Petrarch
Franco-Flemish composer who wrote for the duomo in Florence
Josquin des Prez
conceived the mass as a whole
Mauchaut
wrote about the ars nova
Philippe de Vitry
Franco-Flemish composer who wrote for the duomo in Florence
Dufay
composer with flowing, asymmetrical rhythms; chords withs 3rds and 6ths
Dunstable
religious reformer in France
John Calvin
pessimistic essays show a disdain for religious intolerance, hypocrisy, and self-righteousness
Montaigne
perfection of polyphony
Palestrina
