exam Flashcards
1
Q
Responsiveness is also known as
A
Excitability
2
Q
Terminologia Anatomica
A
Included Latin and commonly used English terms. Devised in 1998
3
Q
Nomina Anatomica
A
Purged eponyms from terminology and included only Latin terms. Devised in the late 1800s
4
Q
Corpora is the plural form of
A
Corpus
5
Q
Cortices is the plural form of
A
Cortex
6
Q
Ganglia is the plural form of
A
Ganglion
7
Q
The scientific method is based on an informed conjecture that is capable of being tested and potentially proven false by experimentation or data collection.
A
False
8
Q
The scientific method is
A
is a way of disciplined reasoning that includes observation, hypothesizing, experimentation, and conclusions. This statement refers to an hypothesis.
9
Q
Tissues are more complex than organs
A
False
10
Q
Organs are composed of
A
Tissues
11
Q
Organisms are composed of
A
Composed of Organ System
12
Q
Organ System are composed of
A
Composed of Organs
13
Q
Tissues are composed of
A
Composed of Cells
14
Q
Cells are composed of
A
Partially of organelles
15
Q
Organelles are composed of
A
Composed of molecules
16
Q
Molecules are composed of
A
Composed of atoms
17
Q
Organ Systems
A
- A group of organs with a unique collective function.
- Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Circulatory, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Urinary, Digestive, and Reproductive
18
Q
Organ
A
Structure composed of two or more tissue types that work together
19
Q
Tissue
A
- Is a mass of similar cells and cell products that form a discrete region of an organ and performs a specific function
- Epithelial, Connective, Nervous, and Muscular Tissue
20
Q
Cells
A
- Smallest unit of an organism that carry out all the basic functions of life; nothing simpler than a cell is considered alive
- One nucleus
21
Q
Organelles
A
- Microscopic structures is a cell that carry out its individual function
- ex. Mitochondria, centrioles, and lysosomes
22
Q
The study of tissues
A
Histology
23
Q
Changes in the environment, to which organisms respond
A
Stimuli
24
Q
Metabolism
A
- Living things take in molecules from the environment and chemically change them into molecules that form their own structures, control their physiology, or provide them with energy
- Sum of all chemical reactions in the body
- Includes reactions where molecules are broken down
- Also includes reactions where new molecules are synthesized
25
Responsiveness and Movement
The ability to react to stimuli, which is also called responsiveness or excitability
26
Homeostasis
The ability to maintain internal stability
27
Development
Any change in form or function over the lifetime of the organism
28
Reproductive
All living organism can produce copies of themselves, thus passing their genes on to new, younger, containers-their offspring
29
Evolution
All living species exhibit genetic change from generation to generation
30
Physiology
Study of function
31
Neurophysiology
Physiology of the nervous system
32
endocrinology
Physiology of hormones
33
Pathophysiology
Mechanisms of disease
34
Comparative Physiology
Study of how biological processes cary in different animal species
35
Histopathology
Examines tissues for disease
36
Macromolecules
- Largest molecules
- Proteins, fats, and DNA
- Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids are examples because they are made up of many repeating subunits.
37
Natural Selection
Some individuals within a species have hereditary advantages over their competitors
38
Receptor
A structure that senses a change in the body, such as the stretch receptors that monitor blood pressure
39
Positive feedback
Self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction
40
Down the gradient
Matter or energy moves from a higher value to a lower value
41
Up the gradient
Matter or energy moves from a lower value to a higher value
42
Integration Center
Processes information, relates it to tother information, and makes a decision of what a response should be
43
Negative feedback
Mechanisms reverse the initial stimulus
44
Physiological Gradient
A difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temperature, or other variable between one point and another
45
Anatomy
Study of body structure
46
Excitability
The ability of nerve and muscle cells to produce quick reactions
47
Element
Simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties
48
Atomic Number
Number of protons in the nucleus
49
Protons
- Single positive charge
| - P^+
50
Neutrons
- No charge
| - N^0
51
Atomic Mass
Element approximately equal to its total number of protons and neutrons
52
Electrons
- Tiny particles with a single negative charge and very low mass
- E^-
53
Valance Electrons
- Electrons of the outermost shell
| - Determine the chemical bonding properties of an atom
54
isotopes
Elements that differ from one another only in number of neutrons and therefore in atomic mass
55
Deuterium
One proton and one neutron
56
Tritium
One proton and two neutrons
57
Atomic weight
- Relative atomic Mass
| - Accounts for the fact that an element is a mixture of isotopes
58
Radioisotopes
- Unstable Isotopes
| - Every element has at least one
59
Radioactivity
Process of decay
60
Ionizing Radiation
High-energy radiation, such as that emitted by radioisotopes, ejects electrons from atoms, converting atoms to ions
61
Alpha Particle
- Two protons and two neutrons
| - Too large to penetrate the skin
62
Beta Particle
- Free electron
| - Only penetrate a few millimeters
63
Ions
- Charges particles with unequal numbers of proton and electrons
- An atom that has gained or lost electrons
64
Anion
Particles that gain electrons acquire a negative charge
65
Cation
Loses electrons acquires a positive charge
66
Electrolytes
Substances that ionize water and form solutions capable of conducting electricity
67
Free Radicals
Unstable, highly reactive chemical particles with and odd number of electrons
68
Antioxidant
Chemical the neutralizes free radicals
69
Molecules
Chemical particles composed of two or more atoms united by a chemical bond
70
Compounds
Molecules compose of two or more elements
71
Isomers
Molecules with identical molecular formulae but different arrangements of their atoms
72
Molecular weight
The sum of atomic weights of its atoms
73
Chemical bonds
A molecule held together and molecules are attracted to one another
74
Ionic bond
- Relatively weak attraction between and anions and cation
| - Easily disrupted in water, as when salt dissolves
75
Covalent bonds
Sharing one or more pairs of electrons between nuclei
76
Single covalent
Sharing of one electron pair
77
Double covalent
- Sharing of two electron pairs
| - Often occurs between carbon atoms, between carbon and oxygen, and between carbon and nitrogen
78
Nonpolar covalent
- Covalent bone in which electron are equally attracted to both nuclei
- May be single or double
- Strongest type of chemical bond
79
Polar covalent
- Covalent bond in which electrons are more attracted to one nucleus than the other, resulting in a slightly positive and negative region in one molecule
- May be single or double
80
Hydrogen bond
- Weak attraction between polarized molecules or between polarized regions of the same molecule
- Important in the three dimensional folding and coiling of large molecules
- easily disrupted by temperature and pH change
81
Mixture
Consists of substances that are physically blended but not chemically combined
82
Solvency
- The ability to dissolve other chemicals
| - Water is called the universal solvent because it does dissolve at a broader range of substances than any other liquid
83
Hydrophilic
Substances that dissolve in water, such as sugar
84
Hydrophobic
Fats that do not dissolve in water
85
Adhesion
Tendency of one substance to cling to another
86
Cohesion
The tendency of molecules of the same substance to cling to each other
87
Chemical Reactivity
Waters ability to participate in chemical reactions
88
Solution
Consists of particles of matter caller the solute mixed with a more abundant substance called the solvent
89
Acid
Any proton donor, a molecule that releases a proton H+ in water
90
Base
A proton acceptor
91
Acidity
- Expressed in terms of pH
| - A measure derived from the molarity go H+
92
Neutral
Solutions with the pH of 7
93
Acidic
Solutions with the pH below 7
94
Basic
- Alkaline
| - Solutions with pH above 7
95
Molarity
- One mole of a chemical is the number of grams equal to its molecular weight
- Molarity is a measure of the number of moles of solute per liter of solution
96
Energy
The capacity to do work
97
Work
Move something, whether is a muscle of a molecule
98
Kinetic Energy
Energy of motion, energy that is doing work
99
Chemical energy
Potential energy stored in the bonds of molecules
100
Electrical Energy
Both potential and kinetic forms
101
Heat
Kinetic energy of a molecular motion
102
Temperature
The rate of which molecules are moving
103
Free energy
The potential energy available in a system to do useful work
104
Chemical reaction
Process in which a covalent or iconic bond is formed or broken
105
Decomposition Reactions
A large molecule breaks down into two or more smaller ones
106
Synthesis Reactions
Two or more small molecules combine to form a larger one
107
Exchange Reactions
Two molecules exchange atoms of groups of atoms
108
Reversible Reactions
Go either direction under different circumstances
109
Equilibrium
The ration of products to reactants is stable
110
Concentration
Reaction rate increases when the reactants are more concentrated
111
Catalysts
Substances that temporarily bind to reactants, hold them in a favorable position to react with each other, and may change the shapes of reactants in ways that make them more likely to react
112
Catabolism
Consists of energy-releasing decomposition reactions
113
Exergonic Reaction
Energy releasing reaction
114
Anabolism
Consists of energy- storing synthesis reactions, such as the productions of protein or fat.
115
Endergonic Reaction
Reactions that require an energy input
116
Oxidation
Chemical reaction in which a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy
117
Reduction
Chemical reaction in which a molecule gains electrons and energy
118
Biochemistry
Study of the molecules and chemical reactions that occur in living cells
119
Polymers
Molecules made of a repetitive series of identical or similar subunits called monomers
120
Carbohydrates
Hydrophilic organic molecule
121
Monosaccharides
- Simplest carbohydrate
| - Simple sugars or sugar monomers
122
Glucose
Blood sugar- Energy source for most cells
123
Galactose
Converted to glucose and metabolized
124
Fructose
Fruit sugar- Converted to glucose and metabolized
125
Disaccharides
- Sugars composed of two monosaccharides
| - Can be broken down into monosaccharides
126
Sucrose
Cane Sugar- Digested to glucose and fructose
127
Lactose
- Milk sugar- digested to glucose and galactose
| - Important in infant nutrition
128
Maltose
Malt Sugar- Product of starch digestion, further digested to glucose
129
Lipids
- Hydrophobic organic molecule
- Usually composed only of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen
- Fatty Acid, Fats, Phospholipids, steroids, and Prostaglandins
130
Fatty Acid
A chain of usually 4 to 24 carbon atoms with a carboxyl group at one end and a methyl group at the other
131
Triglyceride
Molecule consisting of a three-carbon alcohol called glycerol linked to three fatty acids
132
Phospholipids
- Similar to neutral fats except that in place of one fatty acid
- They have a phosphate group with, in turn, in linked to other fictional groups
133
Protein
Polymer of amino acid
134
Amino Acid
- Has a central carbon atom with an amino and a carboxyl group bound to it
- Radical (R group), Amino Group, Carboxyl Group
135
Peptide
Any molecule composed of two or more amino acids joined by a peptide bond
136
Peptide Bond
Formed by dehydration synthesis, joins the amino group of one amino acid to the carboxyl group of the next
137
Functional group
- Carbon back bone
- Small clusters of atoms that determine many of the properties of an organic molecule
- Groups of atoms that are added to carbon backbones and that give organic molecules a variety of unique properties
138
Macromolecules
Molecular weights that range from the thousands (as in starch and proteins) to millions (as in DNA)
139
Cytology
Scientific study of cells
140
Squamous
- Thin, flat, scaly shape, ofter with a bulge where the nucleus is, much like the shape of a fried egg.
- Lines the esophagus and form the surface layer (epidermis) of the skin
141
Cuboidal
- Squarish-looking in frontal sections and about equal in height and width
- Liver cells
142
Columnar
Distinctly taller than wide, such as the inner lining cells of the stomach and intestines
143
Fusiform
Spindle-shaped; elongated, with a think middle and tapered ends, as in smooth muscle cells
144
Polygonal
Having irregularly annual shaped with four, five, or more sides
145
Stellate
- Having multiple pointed processes projecting from the body of a cell, giving it a somewhat starlike shape
- The cell bodies of many nerve cells
146
Spheroidal to Ovoid
Round to oval, as in egg cells and white blood cells
147
Discoidal
Disc-shapped as in red blood cells
148
Fibrous
Long, slender, and threadlike, as in skeletal muscle cells and the axons (nerve fibers) of nerves
149
Cytoplasm
Fluid between the nucleus and surface membrane
150
Plasma (cell) Membrane
Made up of proteins and lipids
151
Cytoplasm
- Crowded with fibers, tubules, passaged and compartments
| - Contains the cytoskeleton
152
Cytoskeleton
Supportive framework of protein filaments and tubules
153
Inclusions
Foreign matter or stored cell products
154
Cytosol
| Intracellular fluid
-Cytoskeleton, organelles, and inclusions are embedded
155
Extracellular fluid
- All body fluids not contained in the cell
| - Blood, plasma, lymph, and cerebrospinal fluid
156
Transmembrane Proteins
Pass completely through the phospholipid bilayer
157
Receptors
Many of the chemical signals but which cells communicate cannot enter the target cell but bin to the surface proteins called receptors
158
Second-Messenger Systems
When a messenger binds to a surface receptor, it may trigger changes within the cell that produce a second messenger in the cytoplasm
159
Enzymes
Enzymes in the plasma membrane carry out the final staged of starch and protein digestion in the small intestine, help produce second messengers and break down hormones and other signaling molecules whose job is done thus stopping them from excessively stimulating a cell
160
Channel Proteins
Channels are passaged that allow water and hydrophilic solutes to more through the membrane
161
Carriers
Transmembrane proteins that bind to glucose, electrolytes and other solutes and transfer them to the other side of the membrane
162
Glycocalyx
Composed of the carbohydrate moieties of membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins
163
Microvilli
- Extensions of the plasma membrane that serve primarily to increase a cells surface area
- Tastebuds, inner ear
164
Cilla
- Hairlike process about 7-10 long.
| - Respiratory tract, uterine tubes, internal cavities of the break and short ducks associated with he testes
165
Flagellum
-Whiplike tail of a sperm
166
Pseudopods
Cytoplasm-filled extensions of the cell varying in shape from fine, filamentous processes to blunt fingerlike ones
167
Selectively Permeable
Allows some things through, such as nutrients and wastes, but usually prevents other things, such as proteins and phosphates, from entering or leaving the cell.
168
Simple difusión
Net movement of particles from a place of high concentration to a place of lower concentration as a result of their constant spontaneous motion
169
Osmosis
Net flow of water from one side of a selectively permeable membrane to the other
170
Tonicity
The ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume and pressure in a cell
171
Hypotonic
Solutions that have a lower concentration of non permeating solutes than the intracellular fluid
172
Hypertonic
Solution has a higher concentration of non permeation solutes
173
Isotonic
Total concentration of non-permeating solutes
| No change in cell volume or shape
174
Facilitated diffusion
Carrier-mediated transport of a solute through a membrane down is concentration gradient
175
Primary Active Transport
Transport of solute particles through a selectively permeable membrane up their concentration gradient but a carrie that consumes ATP
176
Filtration
In blood capillaries, blood pressure forces fluid through gaps in the capillary wall
177
DNA
Long threadlike molecule with a uniform diameter of 2 nm
178
Nucleotide
Consists of sugar, a phosphate group, and a single or double ringed nitrogenous base
179
Chromatin
fine filamentous material
180
Sister chromatids
Two parallel filaments
181
Centromere
Pinched spot on a chromatid
182
Genomics
Relatively young science concerned with the comprehensive study of the genome and how its genes and noncoding DNA affect the structure and function of the organism
183
Genetic Code
System that enables these 4 nucleotides to code for the amino acid sequences of all proteins
184
Stop Codons
UAG, UGA, and UAA
185
Start Codon
AUG
186
Messenger RNA
- When a gene is activated
- A mirror image of the gene more of less
- Carries the genetic code from the nucleus to cytoplasm
187
Protein Synthesis
DNA--->mRNA--->protein
188
Transcription
- The step from DNA to mRNA
- Occurs in the nucleus, where the DNA is
- In genetics, means the process of copying genetic instructions from DNA to RNA
189
Translation
- The step from mRNA to protein
| - Occurs in the cytoplasm
190
Transfer RNA
Relatively small RNA whose job is to bind a free amino acid in the cytosol and deliver it to the ribosome to be added to a growing protein chain
191
Ribosomes
Little reading machines found in the cytosol and on the outside of the rough ER and nuclear envelope
192
Initiation
mRNA passes through a nuclear pore into the cytosol and forms a loop
193
Elongation
The next tRNA arrives, carrying another amino acid; it binds to the A site of the ribosome and its anticodon pairs with the second codon of the mRNA-GCU
194
Termination
When the ribosomes reaches a stop codon, its A site binds a protein called a release factor instead of a tRNA
195
G1
- First gap phase, and internal between cell division and DNA replication.
- During this time a cell synthesizes proteins, grows, and carries out its preordained tasks for the body
196
S is the Synthesis phase
Cell makes a duplicate cops of its centrioles and nuclear DNA.
This is the point at hick the cell carrie the semiconservative replication
197
G2 Second gap phase
interval between DNA replication and cel division.
a cell exhibits further growth, makes more organelles, finishes replicating its centrioles and synthesizes enzymes that control cell division.
198
M is the Mitotic Phase
A cell replicates its nucleus and then pinches in two form new daughter cells.
199
Prophase
At the outset of mitosis, the chromosomes shorten and thicken, eventually coiling into compact rods that are easier to distribute to daughter cells than the long delicate chromatin of interphase
200
Metaphase
The chromosomes are aligned on the cell equator oscillation slightly and awaiting a signal that stimulates each of them to split in two at the centromere
201
Anaphase
This phase begins with activation of an enzyme that cleaves the two sister chromatids from each other at the centromeres.
202
Telophase
The daughter chromosomes cluster on each side of the cell
203
Heredity
Transmission of genetic characteristics from parent to offspring
204
Diploid
Any cell with 23 pairs of chromosomes
205
Haploid
Sperm and egg cells
| contain only 23 unpaired chromosomes
206
Germ cells
Sperm and egg cells on their way to becoming sperm and eggs
207
Homozygous
Individuals with two identical alleles
208
Heterozygous
Homologous chromosomes hace different alleles
209
Genotype
Paired alleles that an individual possesses for a particular trait
210
Epithelial tissue
- Tissue composed of layers of closely spaced cells that cover organ surfaces from glands and serve for protection secretion and absorption
- Epidermis, inner lining of digestive tract, liver and other glands
- Secretion, excretion, absorption, filtration, and sensation
211
Connective Tissue
- Tissue with usually more matrix than cell volume, often specialized to support and protect organs and to bind other tissues and organs to each other
- Tendons and ligaments, cartilage and bone, blood
212
Nervous Tissue
- Tissue containing excitable cells specialized for rapid transmission of coded information to other cells
- Brain, spinal cord, and nerves
213
Muscular Tissue
- Tissue composed of elongated, excitable muscle cells specialized for contraction
- Skeletal Muscles, heart (cardiac muscle), walls of viscera (smooth muscle)
214
Ectoderm
is an outer layer that gives rise to the epidermis and nervous system
215
Endoderm
innermost layer that gives rise to the muses membranes of the digestive and respiratory tracts and to the digestive glands
216
mesoderm
Layer of more loosely organized cells
217
Simple Squamous
thin scaly cell
218
Simple Cuboidal
Squarish or round cells
219
Simple columnar
Tall narrow cells
220
Pseudo-stratified Columnar
Not all cells reach the surface; the shorter cells are covered by taller ones
221
goblet cells
- Found in Simple columnar and pserdostratisfied columnar
| - Wineglass shaped cells that produce protective mucous coatings over the mucous membranes
222
Keratinized Stratified squamous
Epidermis of the sole of the foot
223
Nonkerantized Stratified squamous
Mucosa of the vagina
| tongue, esophagus
224
Stratified cuboidal
Sweat gland ducts; egg-producing vesicles of ovaries; sperm-producing ducts of testis
225
Stratifies columnar
Pharynx, larynx, anal canal and male urethra
226
Nervous Tissue
Specialized for communication by mean of electrical and chemical signals
227
Nuerons
Nerve cell or as a greater number neuroglia
228
Glial cells
Protect and assist neurons
229
Neurosoma
Cell body, that houses the nucleus and and most other organelles
230
Dendrites
Extending from the neurosoma, multiple short branched processes
231
Nerve fiber
Sends outgoing signals to other cells
232
Muscular Tissue
Specialized to contact when stimulated, and thus to exert a physical force on the other tissue, organ, or fluids
233
Skeletal Muscle
Long threadlike cells called muscle fibers
234
Cardiac muscle
Limited to the heart
| Striated
235
Smooth Muscle
Lacks striation and is involuntary.
236
Cellular Junction
Connection between one cell and another
237
Tight Junction
Completely encircles an epithelial cell near its apical surface and joins it tightly to the neighboring cells
238
Desmosomes
Patch that holds cells together somewhat like the snap on a pair of jeans.
239
Gap Junction
Formed by a connexion, which costs of six transmembrane protein arranged in a ring
240
Gland
A cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere is the body or for the elimination as waste
241
Exocrine glands
maintain their contact with the surface by way of a duct and epithelial tube that conveys their secretion to the surface
242
Endocrine gland
Lose contact with the surface and have no ducts
243
unicellular glands
Secretory cells found in an epithelium that is predominantly consecratory
can be exocrine or endocrine
244
Serous gland
Produces relatively thin, watery fluid such perspiration, mils, tears and digestive juices
245
Mucous glad
found in oral and nasal cavities among other places
246
Eccrine gland also called Merocrine gland
Release their product by means of exocytosis
247
Cutaneous membrane
Skin
| stratified squamous epithelium
248
Mucous Membrane
lines passages that open \to the exterior environment
249
Serous Membrane
Composed of a simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue
250
Hyperplasia
Tissue growth through cell multiplication
251
Hyperplasia
when most Childhood growth occurs
| tissue growth through cell multiplication
252
Hypertrophy
Where Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue grow
| Enlargement of preexisting cells
253
Neoplasia
Development of a tumor
254
Regeneration
Placement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cells as before; it restores normal function to the organ
255
Fibrosis
The replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue composed mainly of collagen produced by fibroblasts.
