Exam

Question 1

What are the brake release weight calculations?

Answer 1

BRW (weight as brakes are released for T/O) is the min of the following:
MCTOW
MLW + FB
MZFW + FOB

Question 2

What are the payload calculations?

What is special if one is selected in terms of fuel?

Answer 2

Lowest of the following:
MCTOW - (NOW + FOB)
MLW - (NOW + RESERVES)
MZFW - NOW

If MZFW is the limiting factor for payload, may carry extra fuel up to the next highest valve.

Question 3

What is max range? What factors determine this?

Answer 3

Is the max distance for a given FOB
Lower AUW means less power so less fuel
Tailwind
Low air temp (density)
Higher altitude (TAS)
A/c configuration (clean)
Other: mixture correctly leaned, low RPM/high MAP

Question 4

List the equations for SGR, SAR, SFC, GFC

Answer 4

SFC= GFC/TAS
SAR= 1/SFC = TAS/GFC = SAR/SGR —>is the Nm/unit fuel
SGR= GS/GFC —>is the Nm/unit fuel
GFC= fuel consumption

Question 5

What is max endurance and min flight time?

Answer 5

Max endurance is remaining airborne for the longest time on a set FOB. You want to use the lowest power setting to maintain altitude.
Min flight time is highest TAS (nil wind) or highest GS (wind), May sacrifice fuel burn

Question 6

What are the 2 climb gradient equations?

Answer 6

RoC or VSI (ft/min) = 1.013 x GS x gradient

ft/Nm = (VSI x 60)/GS

Question 7

How much time do dog legs take off flight time?

Answer 7

30* will take off 1/4 of leg time
45* will take off 1/2 leg time
60* will take off 1/1 leg time.

Question 8

Define a great circle and rhumb line.

How many can you draw?

Answer 8

A great circle is a line on the earths surface which has the same radius and centre of the earth itself. You can only draw 1 GC of 2 points not diametrically opposite.
A rhumb line is a line which cuts all longitudes at equal angles, will be equal to or larger than a GC. You can only draw 1 RL as long as the points are not diametrically opposite.

Question 9

What is a Nm?

Answer 9

A Nm is the arc length of a GC which is at 1 min from the centre of the Earth.

1* = 60Nm 60min =1* and so 1Nm = 1min

Question 10

Convert 45*45’ into hours.

Answer 10

360* = 24h, 15* = 1hr, 1* = 4min, 15’ = 1min

So 45* = 3hr
45’ = 3min… so 03:03
OR//
45’/60=0.75 so 45*.75’ x 4=183=03:03

Question 11

Find UTC if LMT Cairo is 0900 15/12 (30*E)

Find UTC if LMT PMR is 0900 15/12 (174*E)

Answer 11

1) 30=2hr so 0900-2=0700 15/12
2) 174/15=11.6, 0.6 x 60 = 36 so 11:36 ahead so 2124UTC
OR// as 1=4min 9x4=36

Question 12

How to calculate zone number?

PMR 174*?

Answer 12

Divide longitude by 15, if remainder is less than 730’ than zone number is quotient, if remainder greater than 730’ than add 1 to quotient.
This is as 15* = 1hr, so +/- 7.5 will give some number.
174=11.6, 0.6 x 15 = 9 so ZN=12

Question 13

Formula for scale?

Answer 13

Scale= chart length/earth length

Question 14

List the ideal map properties

Answer 14

Scale constant and correct
Coordinates can be readily extracted
Rhumb lines and great circles are straight lines
Angles, bearings, shapes and areas as equal to earth
Adjacent sheets fit
World wide coverage

Question 15

What is orthomorphism or conformality?

What conditions lie around this?

Answer 15

Bearing is represented correctly.
For this to occur scale must be adjusted, so scale at a vs b will be different but scale around a point is constant.
Meridians/parallels must intersect at 90*

Question 16

What is equivalence or homolography?

What conditions are there for this?

Answer 16

When Area is correctly represented.

Scale contraction in one direction must be expanded in the other.

Question 17

What are unachievable map properties?

Answer 17

Scale can’t be constant and correct
Shape of large areas can’t be correctly represented
Can’t be orthomorphic and equivalent

Question 18

What is a parallel of origin?

What are standard parallels?

Answer 18

Parallel of origin is the latitude which the semi apex angle is equal to.
Standard parallels are latitude at which the cone touches the scaled globe. At this point the scale is equal to 1. Scale will contraction between and expansion outside if there are 2 SP.

Question 19

What is convergence/convergency angle and how to calculate it?

Answer 19

Convergence is angular difference between meridians which equals difference in GC heading.
C= chlong x sin mean latitude

Angular difference between GC/RL is convergence angle.
1/2xC=CA

Question 20

What is departure? How to calculate it?

Answer 20

D= chlong x 60 x cos latitude

Question 21

Describe the properties of Mercator maps?

Answer 21

Is a cylindrical projection.
Scale at equator is correct but will expand at sec alt away from equator.
Is not equal area, but accurate bearing (orthomorphic), so away from equator large areas distort.
Convergence is 0 on equator.
Meridian and parallels intersect at 90.
Rhumb lines are straight lines.
Adjacent sheets fit.
Worldwide coverage except poles behind 60N/S.

Question 22

Disadvantages for Mercator map?

Answer 22

Radio bearings are GC bearings so need to be converted to RL.
Can’t be used in polar regions.
Scale isn’t always correct.

Question 23

What is a Lambert’s projection?

Describe its features

Answer 23

If a conical projection was opened.
Parallels of latitude are arcs of concentric circles. Meridians are straight lines from poles.
Constant of the cone is ratio of x to 360.
GC are concave for equator/convex to poles, but approximate straight lines.
RL concave to pole of projection/ (convex to equator)

Question 24

Uses for Lambert’s?

Answer 24

Plotting, topographic, radio aid, airways, synoptic charts

Question 25

Go practice scale questions and learn the scale

Answer 25

SHOO!

Question 26

What are altimeter errors?

Answer 26

Inherent errors:
Instrument error: mechanical imperfections
Pressure error: location of static port causes issues not reading true pressure, error increases with speed.
Time lag: time difference is sensing and presenting… will over read descent and under read climb.
Transonic jump: disturbance as shockwave moves over port.
Hysteresis error: due to amount of force to expand/contract capsule, under stress will display imperfect in elastic response.
Barometric errors:
Temperature error: due to variation of ambient temp to calibrated conditions as causes density variations. OR cold UR warm.
Orographic error: in orographic terrain px varies.

Question 27

1) How to blockages/leaks affect readings of altimeter?

2) How will altimeter read if QNH greater/less than altimeter setting?

Answer 27

1)Leaks will cause an over read.
Blocks will lock in conditions at altitude (low to high, reach for sky (UR)… high to low watch out below (OR))

2) ALT>QNH over read as in you are lower than indicated
ALT

Question 28

Go practice altimeter questions

Answer 28

SHOO SHOO!

Question 29

List the equations for the different ETP/PNR

How does wind affect them?

Answer 29

Distance to ETP: (D+H)/(On+H)=X
Time to EPT: X/Ot=T
Wind moves ETP into direction of wind.

Distance to PNR: D=Ot x T = (E x Ot x H)/ (Ot + H)
Time to PNR: (EH)/(Ot + H)
Where E is safe endurance (Total fx - reserves)/FF
Wind will always move PNR closer to dept AD

Question 30

What does the space element of GPS comprise of?

What 3 data sets does it require?

Answer 30

24 satellites in 6 orbital planes (60* apart) in semi synch orbits. Satellites angles at 55* to equator and repeat same ground track every day.
Ephemeris: data that gives current position of satellite in orbit.
Almanac: provides data on GPS constellation used by GPS to predict satellites in view and range.
GPS time ref: satellite has atomic clock which is synced to other clocks.

Question 31

How many satellites are required for an accurate fix?

How many are required for RAIM?

Answer 31

3 unambiguous fix ground, 4 in air.

5 to have RAIM, 6 to detect and eliminate faulty satellite.

Question 32

What are satellite errors?which is the biggest?

Answer 32

Ephemeris, mulitpath, ionospheric, tropospheric, receiver, interference, radio noise.
Largest is ionospheric (5)

Question 33

Difference between low/high DOP?

Answer 33

Low is good satellite geometry, high is bad.