exam Flashcards
- aspermia:
no semen
- azoospermia:
no spermatozoa in ejaculate
- oligozoospermia:
low total number of spermatozoa
- haematospermia:
presence of erythrocytes
- asthenozoospermia:
low percentage of motile spermatozoa
- necrospermia:
low percentage of live spermatozoa
- teratozoospermia:
low percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa
X =
number of sperms of non-diluted semen (1 mm3)
S =
number of counted sperms
A =
area of the square within which we counted the sperms
D =
ration of dilution
H =
height of the chamber
Sq =
number of squares which you used for counting the sperm
Morphological changes of spermatozoa:
- persistent acroblast:
dark granulation of the acrosome seen during staining
Morphological changes of spermatozoa:
- diadem sperm defect:
chain of dark granules below the quatorial segment
Morphological changes of spermatozoa:
- abaxial implantation of the tail:
defect in the neck area of the sperm
Morphological changes of spermatozoa:
- corksrew defect:
lack of screw due to relaxed mitochondrial helix
Morphological changes of spermatozoa:
- dag defect:
torsion of the sperm tail due to absence of dynein protein
Head Size:
- bull:
70 μm
Head Size:
- stallion:
58 μm
Head Size:
- boar:
48 μm
Head Size:
- dog:
68 μm
Equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG):
- protein hormone produced by endometrial cups of the mare from about 40-120 days of
pregnancy - mainly has FSH-like activity but with longer half-life
- pharmacological action: mainly FSH-like action but has some LH activity
- indications: impaired spermatogenesis in bulls
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG):
- a protein hormone extracted from the urine of pregnant women
- has primarily LH-like effect: used as a substitute of LH and has longer half-life
- pharmacological action: stimulates androgen production by Leydig cells of the testis
Oestrogens:
- steroids that play a wide role in the reproductive process
- pharmacological action:
- primarily responsible for oestrus behaviour in the female
- potentiate the echoic action of oxytocin and prostaglandin on the myometrium
Androgens:
- testosterone is the principal circulating androgen in the male
- responsible for secondary sex characteristics
- limited application in animal reproduction or disease:
- uses in andrology:
- involved in controlling libido in the male i.e. used to improve any deficiency that might be
present
TYPES OF TEMPERAMENT IN BULLS
- 5 scale scoring:
- L0: no interest
- L1: melancholic
- L2: stoic, phlegmatic — relaxed, peaceful
- L3: sanguineous — enthusiastic, active and social
- L4: choleric — “alphas”
- used for evaluation of sexual behaviour (libido sexualis)
- also taken into account when used for breeding, we would want to breed for favourable
temperaments i.e. L3
Cascade of unconditioned sexual reflexes:
- distance reflexes:
- reflex of sexual understanding
- sexual contact
- visual
- erection
- protrusion of the penis
- cremaster reflex
Cascade of unconditioned sexual reflexes:
- contact reflexes:
- direct contact
- mounting reflex
- fixation reflex
Cascade of unconditioned sexual reflexes:
- copulatory reflexes (=thrust):
- retrieval reflex
- intromission
- friction reflex
- reflex of ejaculation — through the stimulation of a number of ganglion/centres:
- Vatter-Pacini: vaginal pressure
- Krause: temperature
- Meissner: contact with vaginal wall
- Ruffini: changes of temperature
Conditioned sexual reflexes:
- acquired or learned sexual refelxes
- unwanted
- usually seen after stress or pain manipulation
Male fertility (1) Libido sexualis:
- determines male sexual behaviour:
- includes pre-copulatory behaviour: search for sexual partner, courtship, sexual arousal,
erection, penile protrusion - visual control: seen through mouting activity
- lack or absences of libido sexualis = infertility
Male fertility
(2) Potentio coeundi:
- normal sexual behaviour
- includes copulatory behaviour: mounting, intromission, ejaculation
- inability to perform coitus = impotentio coeundi —> infertility (subfertility)
Male fertility
(3) Potentio generandi (sterility):
- normal libido and normal copulatory behaviour
- infertility occurs after normal coitus
2) Acquired
- fertility depends on the neuro-constitution of the individual at the particular environment
- types:
- non-infectious causes:
- alimentary
- climatic
- organisational: exploitation
- transportation
- tumours
- other diseases
2) Acquired
- infectious causes:
- venereal diseases
- infections with affinity of sexual organs
- facultative pathogens occasionally affecting the reproductive tract
1) Failure of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
failure of the axis usually leads to behaviour disorders — can be due to:
- endocrine disorders
- gene mutations and chromosomal abnormalities
- idiopredisposible: genotypic and environmental factors e.g. stress, alimentation, etc
Anabiosis inducing factor
REDUCED METABOLISM
spermatozoa are immotile and do not have the ability to fertilise in the head of the epididymis:
where spermatozoa are stored — provides suitable conditions for anabiosis:
- decreased temperature: achieved by plexus pampiniformis heat exchange - pH 5,6-6,6
- increased CO2 and K+ levels
- decreased Cl- and Na+ levels
1) Intracellular CPA
- glycerol and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) — widely used
- others: methanol, ethylene glycol
- permeate through the plasma membrane of the cells and bind intracellular water
- exert their cryoprotection by inhibiting lethal formation of intracellular crystals and help
dehydrate cells slowly - cells shrink and remain shrunken during storage
2) Extracellular CPA
- polyvinylpyrrollidone (PVP), hydroxyethyl starch and dextran — mostly large macromolecules
- sugars: lactose, glucose, fructose
- cannot pass through the cell membrane
1) Estrus detection
Ewe:
- cycle: 17 days
- estrus lasts 24-36 hours
- inexpressive signs of estrus
1) Estrus detection
Doe:
- cycle: 21 days
- estrus lasts 12-48 hours
- signs of estrus: typical, expressive, vocalisation, urination, discharge of mucus
- ovulation occurs around the end of estrus i.e. 24-27
