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562 - Perfusion Technology II > Exam 9 - Immunology > Flashcards

Exam 9 - Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Antigen examples

A
  • microorganisms
  • allergenic cells / transplant
  • malignant cells
  • infected cells
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2
Q

Immunogen

A
  • anything that can stimulate immune response
  • all are antigenic
  • BUT not ALL antigens are immunogens
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3
Q

Pathogen

A
  • antigen that can cause disease

- usually microorganism or toxin

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4
Q

Leukocytes

A
  • WBCs

- 75 billion… 5-10K per ml

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5
Q

Granulocytes

A
  • most common

- neutrophils / basophils / eosinophils

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6
Q

Monocytes

A
  • large white cells….no granules
  • monocytes in blood….macrophage once in tissue
  • made in marrow
  • monocytes in blood 1-2 days
  • macrophages in tissue for month to years
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7
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • specific cells
  • B and T cells
  • circulate in blood
  • wait in lymph nodes
  • role in organ rejection
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8
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • granulocyte
  • made in marrow
  • 50% circulate / 50% on vessel wall (margination)
  • function = phagocytosis
  • 1st to show up….most common
  • eat up invader…die…eaten up by macrophages
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9
Q

Eosinophils

A
  • granulocyte
  • develop and mature in marrow
  • appear in parasites
  • allergic reactions
  • kill cells with IgG and IgE
  • reside in tissue
  • release MBP to destroy organisms…MBP can also kill own
  • kill parasitic worms
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10
Q

Basophils

A
  • granulocyte
  • least common
  • chemotaxis and phagocytic
  • releases HEPARIN to keep blood circulating
  • also release histamine
  • reside in blood
  • receptors for IgE
  • similar to mast cells…histamine…but in blood…NOT tissue
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11
Q

T cells

A
  • mature in thymus
  • learn to recognize our own self cells
  • antigen presenting cells (macrophages) present to T cells
  • once bound to antigen…release cytokines

Types:

  • helper (CD-4)… release cytokines
  • killer (cd-8)… kill infected cells
  • regulatory…stop immune response once antigen destroyed
  • memory
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12
Q

Antibody

A
  • made by B cells (plasma cells)
  • 14 days to reach full power
  • always present in small amounts
  • bind to specific antigen…opsonize (coats/marks)
  • activate compliment cascade
    Five classes:
  • IgG
  • IgA
  • IgM
  • IgE
  • IgD
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13
Q

Type of B cell that secretes antibodies

A

Plasma B cell

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14
Q

Opsonization

A
  • coating of antigen with antibody and compliment
  • targeting mechanism
  • provides point for phagocyte to attach
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15
Q

2 Phagocyte receptors

A
  • Fc: binds with antibody

- C3: binds with compliment

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16
Q

MAC

A
  • membrane attack complex
  • produced by compliment activation
  • MAC will lyse antigens membrane
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17
Q

Neutralization

A
  • antibody renders antigen toxin harmless
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18
Q

Most antibodies are what class

A

IgG or IgM

  • determined by amino acid sequence on Fab parts
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19
Q

IgM

A
  • 1st produced
  • high levels mean new infection
  • first produced in fetus…high levels mean infection in newborn
  • very large…stays in vascular
  • activate compliment
  • Ex: anti-A and anti-B
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20
Q

IgD

A
  • 2nd to be released

- may assist in B cells into plasma cells

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21
Q

IgE

A
  • 3rd class
  • low [ ]
  • allergic rxns and parasite infection
  • asthma, hay fever
  • bind with basophils / mast cells / eosinophils to release histamine
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22
Q

IgG

A
  • 4th class
  • most important / most potent
  • 80%
  • produced most in second exposure
  • come from memory B cells
  • ONLY one that can cross placenta….Rh antibody
  • Rho-GAM is what is given
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23
Q

IgG1

A

Bacteria

24
Q

IgG2

A

Rest of bacteria

25
Q

IgG3

A

Compliment

26
Q

IgG4

A

Vasodilator

27
Q

IgA

A
  • in body fluids and mucous
  • cannot activate compliment system
  • BUT can trigger cell-mediated immune response
28
Q

Largest subgroup

A

IgM

29
Q

Most [ ] subgroup

A

IgG1 and IgG2

30
Q

Longest life subgroup

A

IgG1
IgG2
IgG4

31
Q

Subgroups that activate compliments the most

A

IgM

IgG3

32
Q

Subgroup that likes mast cells

A

IgE

33
Q

Subgroup with opsonization

A

IgG1

34
Q

Subgroup that goes across epithelium

A

IgA

35
Q

Subgroup that goes across placenta

A

IgG1

36
Q

5 characteristics of adaptive immunity

A
  • specificity
  • diversity
  • memory
  • self-regulation
  • self-tolerance
37
Q

3 phases of immune response

A
  • cognitive: antigen interacts with T cells
  • activator: T cells release cytokines / cyotkines make T and B
  • effector: granulocytes / macrophages / compliment activated
    Antigen targeted and engulfed
38
Q

Cell mediated immunity

A
  • T cell response to antigen

- T cells have direct immune response

39
Q

MHC II

A
  • CD-4
  • extracellular
  • helper T cell…don’t kill antigen directly…activate other white cells

Two classes:

  • TH1: inflammatory / convert inactive T cells into killer T cells
  • TH2: activate B cells
40
Q

MHC I

A
  • CD-8
  • Intracellular
  • cytotoxic T cell comes to kill infected cell
41
Q

MHC

A

Major histocompatibility complex

42
Q

CD40:CD40L

A

CD40: marker on B cells
CD40L: activated CD4 cells have marker

Both come together in order to make antibodies

43
Q

Dendritic cells

A
  • skin cells…antigen presenting
44
Q

4 signs of inflammation

A
  • red
  • heat
  • swelling
  • pain
45
Q

3 stages of inflammation

A
  • vasodilation
  • emigration
  • tissue repair
46
Q

Vasodilator mediators

A
  • NO

- Histamine

47
Q

increased vascular permeability mediators

A
  • C3a
  • C5a
  • bradykinin
  • leukotrienes
48
Q

Recruitment and activation mediators

A
  • C5a
  • Luekotrine B4
  • Chemokines
  • IL-1
  • Bacteria
49
Q

Fever mediator

A

IL-1

50
Q

Source of histamine

A
  • mast cells
  • basophils
  • eosinophils
  • platelets
51
Q

Source of lysosomal enzymes

A
  • neutrophils

- macrophages

52
Q

Extravasation

A

Movement of luekocytes from vessel into IF

53
Q

SIRAB

A

Systemic inflammatory response after bypass

54
Q

SIRAB activator

A
  • contact activation with pump most common
  • sheer stress
  • suction
  • reperfusion
  • Hypothermia
  • altered blood flow
55
Q

SIRAB indicators

A
  • temp above 38…below 36
  • HR > 90
  • RR > 20
  • Leukocyte > 12,000
56
Q

Risk factor of SIRAB

A
  • Length of CPB

- but not necessarily

57
Q

Post op effects of SIRAB

A
  • immune system cells drop…all except…
    • CD8
  • can give solumedrol to prevent…protect platelets

562 - Perfusion Technology II (9 decks)

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