Exam 9 - Immunology Flashcards
1
Q
Antigen examples
A
- microorganisms
- allergenic cells / transplant
- malignant cells
- infected cells
2
Q
Immunogen
A
- anything that can stimulate immune response
- all are antigenic
- BUT not ALL antigens are immunogens
3
Q
Pathogen
A
- antigen that can cause disease
- usually microorganism or toxin
4
Q
Leukocytes
A
- WBCs
- 75 billion… 5-10K per ml
5
Q
Granulocytes
A
- most common
- neutrophils / basophils / eosinophils
6
Q
Monocytes
A
- large white cells….no granules
- monocytes in blood….macrophage once in tissue
- made in marrow
- monocytes in blood 1-2 days
- macrophages in tissue for month to years
7
Q
Lymphocytes
A
- specific cells
- B and T cells
- circulate in blood
- wait in lymph nodes
- role in organ rejection
8
Q
Neutrophils
A
- granulocyte
- made in marrow
- 50% circulate / 50% on vessel wall (margination)
- function = phagocytosis
- 1st to show up….most common
- eat up invader…die…eaten up by macrophages
9
Q
Eosinophils
A
- granulocyte
- develop and mature in marrow
- appear in parasites
- allergic reactions
- kill cells with IgG and IgE
- reside in tissue
- release MBP to destroy organisms…MBP can also kill own
- kill parasitic worms
10
Q
Basophils
A
- granulocyte
- least common
- chemotaxis and phagocytic
- releases HEPARIN to keep blood circulating
- also release histamine
- reside in blood
- receptors for IgE
- similar to mast cells…histamine…but in blood…NOT tissue
11
Q
T cells
A
- mature in thymus
- learn to recognize our own self cells
- antigen presenting cells (macrophages) present to T cells
- once bound to antigen…release cytokines
Types:
- helper (CD-4)… release cytokines
- killer (cd-8)… kill infected cells
- regulatory…stop immune response once antigen destroyed
- memory
12
Q
Antibody
A
- made by B cells (plasma cells)
- 14 days to reach full power
- always present in small amounts
- bind to specific antigen…opsonize (coats/marks)
- activate compliment cascade
Five classes: - IgG
- IgA
- IgM
- IgE
- IgD
13
Q
Type of B cell that secretes antibodies
A
Plasma B cell
14
Q
Opsonization
A
- coating of antigen with antibody and compliment
- targeting mechanism
- provides point for phagocyte to attach
15
Q
2 Phagocyte receptors
A
- Fc: binds with antibody
- C3: binds with compliment
16
Q
MAC
A
- membrane attack complex
- produced by compliment activation
- MAC will lyse antigens membrane
17
Q
Neutralization
A
- antibody renders antigen toxin harmless
18
Q
Most antibodies are what class
A
IgG or IgM
- determined by amino acid sequence on Fab parts
19
Q
IgM
A
- 1st produced
- high levels mean new infection
- first produced in fetus…high levels mean infection in newborn
- very large…stays in vascular
- activate compliment
- Ex: anti-A and anti-B
20
Q
IgD
A
- 2nd to be released
- may assist in B cells into plasma cells
21
Q
IgE
A
- 3rd class
- low [ ]
- allergic rxns and parasite infection
- asthma, hay fever
- bind with basophils / mast cells / eosinophils to release histamine
22
Q
IgG
A
- 4th class
- most important / most potent
- 80%
- produced most in second exposure
- come from memory B cells
- ONLY one that can cross placenta….Rh antibody
- Rho-GAM is what is given
23
Q
IgG1
A
Bacteria
24
Q
IgG2
A
Rest of bacteria
25
IgG3
Compliment
26
IgG4
Vasodilator
27
IgA
- in body fluids and mucous
- cannot activate compliment system
- BUT can trigger cell-mediated immune response
28
Largest subgroup
IgM
29
Most [ ] subgroup
IgG1 and IgG2
30
Longest life subgroup
IgG1
IgG2
IgG4
31
Subgroups that activate compliments the most
IgM
| IgG3
32
Subgroup that likes mast cells
IgE
33
Subgroup with opsonization
IgG1
34
Subgroup that goes across epithelium
IgA
35
Subgroup that goes across placenta
IgG1
36
5 characteristics of adaptive immunity
- specificity
- diversity
- memory
- self-regulation
- self-tolerance
37
3 phases of immune response
- cognitive: antigen interacts with T cells
- activator: T cells release cytokines / cyotkines make T and B
- effector: granulocytes / macrophages / compliment activated
Antigen targeted and engulfed
38
Cell mediated immunity
- T cell response to antigen
| - T cells have direct immune response
39
MHC II
- CD-4
- extracellular
- helper T cell...don't kill antigen directly...activate other white cells
Two classes:
- TH1: inflammatory / convert inactive T cells into killer T cells
- TH2: activate B cells
40
MHC I
- CD-8
- Intracellular
- cytotoxic T cell comes to kill infected cell
41
MHC
Major histocompatibility complex
42
CD40:CD40L
CD40: marker on B cells
CD40L: activated CD4 cells have marker
Both come together in order to make antibodies
43
Dendritic cells
- skin cells...antigen presenting
44
4 signs of inflammation
- red
- heat
- swelling
- pain
45
3 stages of inflammation
- vasodilation
- emigration
- tissue repair
46
Vasodilator mediators
- NO
| - Histamine
47
increased vascular permeability mediators
- C3a
- C5a
- bradykinin
- leukotrienes
48
Recruitment and activation mediators
- C5a
- Luekotrine B4
- Chemokines
- IL-1
- Bacteria
49
Fever mediator
IL-1
50
Source of histamine
- mast cells
- basophils
- eosinophils
- platelets
51
Source of lysosomal enzymes
- neutrophils
| - macrophages
52
Extravasation
Movement of luekocytes from vessel into IF
53
SIRAB
Systemic inflammatory response after bypass
54
SIRAB activator
- contact activation with pump most common
- sheer stress
- suction
- reperfusion
- Hypothermia
- altered blood flow
55
SIRAB indicators
- temp above 38...below 36
- HR > 90
- RR > 20
- Leukocyte > 12,000
56
Risk factor of SIRAB
- Length of CPB
| - but not necessarily
57
Post op effects of SIRAB
- immune system cells drop...all except...
- CD8
- can give solumedrol to prevent...protect platelets
