Exam 9/6/18 Flashcards
Open or close stomata
Guard cells
Protect or absorb
Trichomes
Protect against disease and retard water loss
Cork cells
Found on nettles and sting
Trichomes
Where on the plant are the apical meristems found?
Tips of roots and shoots
Which type of wood is found in the center of old tree trunks and roots?
Heartwood
Which type of wood is found near the surface of old tree trunks and roots?
Sapwood
Give an example of a tree with pinnate leaf venation (veins)?
Magnolia
Vascular tissue closest to the stem surface.
Phloem
Why do climbing stems curl?
The contacted area of the stem causes the cell growth to become inhibited while the other surface continues to grow = contact inhibition.
These specialized stems decrease surface area and offer protection.
Spines
Vascular tissue closest to the stem center.
Xylem
Tissue around vascular bundles.
Ground tissue
Give examples of leaves that store water or food.
Cactus, onions
Scales that protect a young bud.
Bud scales
scattered in monocots and in a ring in dicots
Vascular bundles
Conducts water.
Xylem
Vascular bundles are call these in leaves.
Leaf veins
Provide the “skeleton” of the leaf
Leaf veins
Conducts food.
Phloem
List some plant roots that contain spices.
Sassafras, Angelica, licorice
Rotenone is an insecticide that comes from a root. True or false?
True
Dyes and drugs have been taken from roots. True or false?
True
List some tap roots and fibrous roots that serve as food storage?
Carrots, sweet potatoes, radishes, beets
Give four examples of leaves found on insect trapping leaves.
1) Venus flytrap
2) sundew
3) bladderwort
4) pitcher plants
Give an example of a palmately compound leaf.
Sweetgum, sugar maple
If most leaf veins branch off of one main vein, the leaf has _______________ venation.
Pinnate
Region between lead attachment points
Internode
Bud at the top of a branch of twig.
Terminal bud
Thin area in the twig’s bark where gases can be exchanged with the environment.
Lenticels
In dicots, what region is found between the vascular bundles and the epidermis
Cortex
Bud at the angle between the stem and the leaf
Lateral or axillary bud
In dicots, what region is found between the vascular bundles and the center of the stem?
Pith
Leaf stalk
Petiole
Leaves that store water or food are called ____________ leaves.
Storage leaves
These specialized leaves are found at the base of flowers.
Bracts
Sweet potato, carrot, and beets
Food storage root
Tissue on the surface of the stem that contains a cuticle.
Epidermis
What of the “monkey faces” in monocots?
Vascular bundles
Tiny scars within the leaf scar.
Bundle scars
What does the epidermis contain that helps it to be waterproof?
Cutin
Fungi on roots that increase absorption.
Mycorrhizae
Scars used to determine the age of the twig.
Terminal bud scars
Contain bacteria that help to fix nitrogen.
Root nodules
Leaf primordia are found on both sides of the ____________________.
Apical meristem
Onions and lilies are examples of ______________________.
Food storage stems
The newest growth on a branch is called the ___________________.
Twig
Hollow area within the center of a stem.
Ground tissue cavity
Regions where 80% of the chloroplasts are found.
Palisade Mesophyll
_______________ are climbing stems.
Tendrils
Give and example of climbing stems.
Peas, cumcumbers
Underground stems have nodes, therefore they are not roots. True or false?
True
The tubers of Irish potatoes store _________________________.
Food - starch
The flat portion of a leaf is called the ____________.
Blade
The ______________ is the leaf stalk.
Petiole
One leaf/node is called ___________ leaf arrangement.
Alternate
Two leaves/node is called ________________ leaf arrangement.
Opposite
Three leaves/node is called _________________ leaf arrangement.
Whorled
Another name for leaf arrangement is called ________________.
Phyllotaxis
Give an example of a softwood.
Conifers such as spruce, cedar, and pine
List some uses of different woods.
Pine = construction
White oak = barrels
Hickory = told handles, etc
Kudzu and poison ivy are examples of __________ stems.
Climbing
Which wood is dead and is no longer conducting minerals and water?
Heartwood
Strawberries have ___________ and these stems are used for ________________ reproduction.
Runners, vegetative
Which wood is alive and is conducting minerals and water?
Sapwood
Which stems store water?
Succulent
Which wood is stronger and aromatic?
Heartwood
The vertical part of a plant’s body is called the __________________.
Shoot system
Give an example of bracts or floral leaves.
Flowering dogwood, poinsettias
Give an example of a succulent stem.
Cactus
Irish potatoes are examples of ____________ and are really underground _________________.
Tubers, stems
Which wood is lighter in color?
Early/spring
Which wood is darker in color?
Late/ summer
The “eye” of a potato is actually a _________.
Node
What constitutes a growth ring?
Early and late wood together
If the leaflets are arranged along a central stalk it is called a ____________ compound leaf.
Pinnately
What can free growth rings tell us about a tree?
Tree’s age
What is used to remove a core of wood to count the rings?
Increment borer
Parallel leaf venation is found in ______________________.
Monocots such as corn
Which leaf margin is smooth?
Entire
Scar left where leaf was attached
Leaf scar
What tissue helps grasses to withstand high winds even though they lack wood?
Sclerenchyma
Point where leaves are attached on the stem.
Node
“Money faces” are only found in monocots or dicots?
Monocots
The woody plant growth in diameter through _____________ growth at the __________ meristems.
Secondary, lateral
Which tissue produces secondary xylem and secondary phloem in secondary growth?
Vascular cambium
Secondary xylem is also called _____________ and accounts for about ________% of a tree’s mass.
Wood, 90%
Contains barrel-shaped cells.
Palisade mesophyll
Young leaves develop from structures called _________________.
Leaf primordia
Roots above ground.
Aerial roots.
A cherry or pear sucker would be an example of this type of root.
Propagative root
Roots that increase stability.
Buttress roots
Haustoria of dodder would be examples of these types of roots.
Parasitic roots
These roots pull bulbs deeper into the ground.
Contractile roots
Plants living in desert environments would have these type of roots.
Water storage roots
What makes heartwood smell or be aromatic?
Resins, guys, metabolites
Maple syrup comes from ______________ wood.
Sapwood
Vessels, tracheids, and fibers are found in _________________.
Hardwood
List some plant roots that serve as food.
Carrots, beets, sweet potatoes, tapioca from cassava
Give an example of a hardwood.
Oak, maple, hickory
If wood does not contain vessels and fibers, it is classified as _________________ wood.
Soft
In onions, the bulb is made up of fleshy ____________________.
Food storage leaves
______________ wood has larger cells with thinner walls.
Early or spring
________________ wood has smaller cells with thicker walls.
Late or summer
Which subterranean stem is horizontal and seen in Johnson grass?
Rhizome
Growth at lateral meristems is called _____________ growth.
Secondary
Secondary growth produces woody or nonwoody tissue?
Woody
Have sieve plates.
Sieve tubes
Move sugar into or out of sieve tune members.
Companion cells
Grasses have growth regions at nodes and these are called ______________ meristems.
Intercalary
Give an example of a plant that carries out growth in intercalary meristems.
Bamboo
Conducts materials from shoot to root.
Sieve tubes
Most abundant tissue in herbaceous plants.
Parenchyma
Carries out photosynthesis.
Parenchyma
Conduct materials from root to shoot.
Tracheids and vessel elements
Form seed coats.
Sclerenchyma
Which leaf has no leaflets?
Simple
Which leaf has leaflets?
Compound
If the leaflets are arranged along a central stalk it is called a __________ compound leaf.
Pinnately
Give an example of a pinnately compound leaf.
Pecan, hickory
If the leaflets are arranged from one point, it is called a _______________ compound leaf.
Palmately
Give an example of a palmately compound leaf.
Buckeye
Concerning venation, if all veins radiate from a central point, the leaf has _____________ venation.
Palmate
Xylem and phloem run lengthwise through the stem in structures called _____________ bundles.
Vascular
Which leaf margin resembles a saw blade?
Serrated
Which leaf margin resembles fingers?
Pinnately lobbed
Thin layer of cells on the bottom and top of the leaf.
Epidermis
If the pith is present, where is pitch located in a stem?
Center
Cells that control the stomata.
Guard cells
Region between the epidermal layers.
Mesophyll
Region of photosynthesis.
Palisade Mesophyll
Region where air is stored within the leaf.
Spongy Mesophyll
Why do plants need to trap insects?
Supplement their diet because they love in nutrient poor souls found in bogs.
Plants belong to Kingdom ___________ which contains about _________ species of plants.
Plantae
260,000
Write a scientific name correctly for practice.
Quercus alba (both underlined)
A _________ plant has the shoot die back at the end of the growing season.
Herbaceous
Give an example of a herbaceous plant.
Corn, marigold
A ______________ plant still has a living shoot at the end of the growing season and it starts with that same shoot next growing season.
Woody
List functions of roots.
1) anchoring
2) storing food or water
3) absorbing water and minerals
What root type is best at anchoring?
Taproot
Which root type is best at absorbing?
Fibrous
Which root type is best at storing food?
Taproot
This structure on the root tip protects against soil abrasion.
Root cap
The region of mitosis in a root is called the ____________ region.
Meristematic
Used in textile products.
Fibers
Monocots typically have a ___________ root system.
Fibrous
List some spices produced by plants.
Sassafras, licorice, pepper
Do plants produce drugs and medicines? Give an example.
Yes,
Morphine, caffeine, cocaine, aspirin
What branch of botany focuses on practical uses of plants?
Ethnobotany
The study of diversity or evolutionary relationships is called __________________.
Systematics
The practice of naming and classifying organisms is called ________________.
Taxonomy
Who was one of the earliest humans to write about plants?
Aristotle
Oxygen is stored in the earth and our atmosphere. However, how many years could you live until oxygen reserves were exhausted if all plants were removed today?
11 years
What process do plants go through to make food for us?
Photosynthesis
Tissues are produced by mitosis in the regions called the ____________.
Meristems
When plants decay and become buried, some are turned into _________ fuels that are then used to yield petroleum.
Fossil
Why are root hairs important?
Absorption
Does the region of maturation ever move down in the soil when growth occurs?
No
Which branch of botany focuses on classification of plants?
Plant taxonomy
Root hair are found in which region?
Region of maturation
Chocolate comes from _____________________.
Cocoa beans or seeds
How much of our food comes from cereals?
80%
List some cereal species.
Wheat, corn, rye, rice, barely, oats
What are the two most commonly requested beverages in the world?
Tea and coffee
Give an example of an annual plant.
Marigold
A __________________ plant reproduces and dies in two growing seasons.
Biennial
Give an example of a biennial plant.
Queen Anne’s Lace, carrots
______________ are plant’s that live for more that two growing seasons.
Perennial
The first root is called the __________.
Radicle
Primary tissues are produced by ______________ growth.
Primary
A plant’s root accounts for about ____________ ( fraction or percentage) of its weight.
One-third
Covered with a waxy cuticle.
Epidermal cells
Conducts food and minerals.
Vascular
Stores food.
Ground tissue
Supports herbaceous plants.
Ground tissue
Supports wood plants.
Vascular
Who proposed the binomial nomenclature system?
Carolus Linnaeus
When did Carolus Linnaeus propose the system of binomial nomenclature?
1758
Thin walled.
Parenchyma cell’s
What is the first word of a scientific name?
Genus
Supports stems of flowers and leaves.
Collenchyma cells
“Strings” of celery.
Collenchyma
Forms peach pits.
Sclerenchyma
Thick walls without lignin.
Collenchyma
What is the second word of a scientific name?
Specific epithet
Secondary phloem and periderm is called ________________.
Bark
Why does the bark of trees split?
The increase of in girth through secondary growth
What structures conduct water and nutrients from the vascular tissue to cortex in woody plants?
Vascular rays
Which word is always capitalized?
Genus
Give an example of a woody plant?
Apple tree
A _____________ plane reproduces and does within one year.
Annual
Not tapered and conduct water.
Vessel elements
Conducts water in the root.
Primary xylem
Conducts food in the root.
Primary phloem
Vascular tissue closest to the center of the root.
Primary xylem
Vascular tissue closest to the surface of the root.
Primary phloem
Outer layer of vascular tissue or stele.
Pericycle
Lateral meristem between xylem and phloem.
Cambium
Produces secondary xylem and secondary phloem.
Cambium
Contains Casparian strips.
Endodermis
Contains suberin.
Endodermis
Covers plant body.
Dermal
Cuticle thin or lacking.
Epidermis
Give and example of a perennial.
Opinions, fruit trees
Which plants shed their leaves before winter?
Deciduous
Is the tissue (that is produced initially by apical meristems) woody of nonwoody?
Nonwoody
Which plants shed their leaves all year?
Evergreen
Which plants attain massive size (woody plants or herbaceous plants)? Why?
Woodys plant’s because they do not have to start over each year but rather they start growing where they left off the previous year.
__________ trees can grow to towering heights of _______ meters.
Eucalyptus and Redwood
100
Stems, leaves, and flowers are all part of the _______________ and help the plant in three ways.
Shoot
List the three things that a shoot does for the plant.
1) transports materials such as water and solutes
2) supports the plant
3) absorbs the sun’s rays for photosynthesis
Which part of a plant is below ground?
Root
The root helps to anchor but also helps to absorb _____________.
Water and minerals
How many basic tissue systems do plants have?
Three
Ground, vascular, dermal
Who separated monocots and dicots?
John Ray
Give an example of a building material produced by plants.
Wood
Paper
Clothing
Contains suberin.
Cork cells
Dicots typically have a __________ root system.
Taproot
Flowering plants make up about ________% of all plants.
90%
___________ gas is produced by plants and is needed for cellular respiration.
Oxygen
Stores food and is a filler tissue in roots.
Cortex
Regulates movement of water into the vascular area or stele.
Endodermis
The region in a root where cells increase in length is called the ___________ region.
Elongation
Conducts water and food within the root.
Primary xylem and primary phloem
Layer that forms lateral roots.
Pericycle
Conducts water.
Vascular
Protects plant body.
Dermal
Growth at the apical meristems will increase a plant’s ____________.
Length
Growth at which meristem causes increased girth?
Lateral
Not tapered and conduct food.
Sieve tubes.
Who gave us the first classification system?
Theophrastus
Photosynthesis.
Ground tissue
Live at maturity.
Sieve tubes
Which branch of botany focuses on plants and their relationship with the environment?
Plant ecology
Dead at maturity.
Tracheids and vessel elements
Long, tapered with thick walls (lignin present).
Fibers
Stubby cells that give the gritty texture to pears.
Scleroids
Who should you do to both names?
Underline them
Which branch of botany focuses on plant diseases?
Plant pathology
Tapered ends with pits.
Tracheids
Sausage-shaped cells.
Guard cells
Which branch of botany focuses on plant functions?
Plant physiology
Forms coconut shells.
Sclerenchyma
Will the path remain after the stem ages and wood accumulates?
No
Which areas of the stem serve as food storage?
Cortex and pith
Which area of the root helps to absorb minerals and water?
Region of maturation where root bakes are found
Outer layer of root.
Epidermis
Inner layer of cortex.
Endodermis
Middle layer of root.
Stele
Conducts minerals.
tracheids and vessel elements
