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Compendiums 4 and 5 > EXAM > Flashcards

EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we need a respiratory system?

A

We need to extract nutrients out of the food we eat to keep us alive, we
need to extract gases out of the atmosphere, particularly oxygen

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2
Q

How long can you survive without oxygen?

A

3-5 min

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3
Q

What would happen if CO2 built up?

A

pH decrease

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4
Q

4 functions of respiratory system

A

olfaction, exchange of gases, voice production, and protection

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5
Q

2 parts of upper tract, 4 parts of lower tract

A

Upper- nasal cavity, pharynx

Lower- larynx, trachea, bronchii, and lungs

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6
Q

5 things from anterior to posterior

A

nares, vestibule, nasal cavity proper, hard palate, nasal septum, choanae

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7
Q

What is a conchae and what’re its three parts?

A

lateral walls has three bony shelves
these encroach into the the nasal cavity
Increasing the surface area of the
mucosal layer

superior, middle, inferior

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8
Q

What are meatuses?

A

spaces under the conchae

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9
Q

What do olfactory mucosa do?

A

Specialise mucosa at the superior aspect

Involved with olfaction

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10
Q

What are paranasal sinues and what do they do?

A

Cavities found in bones surrounding the nasal cavity
They are lined with respiratory mucosa
Drain into the nasal cavity

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11
Q

4 types of sinuses and their corresponding bones

A 
Frontal sinus
(Frontal bone)
Maxillary sinus
(Maxilla)
Sphenoid sinus
(Spheniod bone)
Ethmoid sinus
(ethmoid bone)
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12
Q

3 Functions of sinuses

A

resonation, lighten the skull, bumper bar

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13
Q

Purpose of pharynx, where does it run from?

A

This is a common pathway
for air and food
From choanae to larynx

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14
Q

what are the three regions the pharynx divides?

A 
Divides into three regions
Nasopharynx
posterior to nasal cavity
Oropharynx
continous with oral cavity
Laryngopharynx
posterior to opening of the larynx
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15
Q

What type of structure is the larynx?

A

cartilidgenous

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16
Q

where is the larynx located? how many cartiledges? draped with what?

A

Located in the neck (adam’s apple)
9 cartilages (8 hyaline and 1 elastic)
draped with respiratory mucosa

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17
Q

Functions of larynx? (4)

A 
Maintains a patent airway
Mucosa aid in trapping particulate matter
Directs the passage of food and air
epiglottis (elastic)
Houses the vocal cords
muscles control the aperture
and tension of vocal cords to produce
sound.
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18
Q

How long is the trachea?

A

12 cm

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19
Q

Where is the trachea found?

A

anterior to oesophagus

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20
Q

Where is division of the trachea?

A

primary bronch at carina

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21
Q

How many cartiledgenous things in trachea and what are they joined by?

A

16-20 C shaped

fibrous tissue

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22
Q

What two things happens to the tubes in lungs as they get smaller?

A

Amount of cartilage in the wall decreases

Amount of smooth muscle increases

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23
Q

3 common features of lungs?

A 
Apex -top
Base – rest on diaphragm
Hilum – on medial surface
Where things enter and exit
ie bronchi, blood vessels
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24
Q

What is on the external surface of lungs?

A 
serous membrane
the pleura (visceral)
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25
Q

Purpose of pleural fluid in the lungs?

A

Keeps the lung adhered to inner thoracic wall during breathing

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26
Q

What makes up the thoracic wall?

A

thoracic vertebrae, ribs, sternum & muscles

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27
Q

What does the diaphragm seperate?

A

muscle that separates thoracic and abdominal cavities

28
Q

Muscles used in inspiration?

A

diaphragm contraction, external intercostals, pectoralis minor, scalenes

29
Q

Muscles used in expiration?

A

abdominal muscles, internal intercostals

30
Q

Three pressure compartments involved in breathing?

A 
1.
Atmospheric
(barometric) pressure
2.
Intra
-
alveolar or intrapulmonary
pressure
3.
Intra
-
pleural
or
intrathoracic
pressure
(pressure within the pleural sac), which is
less
than intrapulmonary pressure
31
Q 
If
water molecules are so strongly attracted towards each other why
don’tthe
alveoli completely
collapse?
A

Surfactant
is found
on the alveoli lining interspersed between water
molecules. It decreases the water molecules attraction to each other thus
reducing the surface tension

32
Q

How much more diffusible is CO2 than oxygen?

A

20 times

33
Q

Instrument that measures volume of air that enters respiratory system?

A

spirometer

34
Q

What is the tidal volume?

A

amount of air inspired or expired with each breath. At rest: 500 mL

35
Q

what is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

amount that can be inspired forcefully after inspiration of the tidal
volume (3000 mL at rest)

36
Q

what is expiratory reserve volume?

A

amount that can be forcefully expired
after
expiration of the tidal volume
(100 mL at rest)

37
Q

What is residual volume?

A 
volume still remaining in respiratory
passages
and lungs after most forceful
expiration
(1200 mL)
38
Q

What is inspiratory capacity?

Functional residual capacity?

Vital capacity?

Total lung capacity?

A

tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume

expiratory reserve volume plus residual volume

sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume

sum of inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes plus tidal volume and residual volume

39
Q

What is FVC?

A

which is maximal amount of air that can be

forcefully expired after a death breathe in.

40
Q

Type of obstructive lung disease?

Type of restrictive lung disease?

A

Asthma

emphysema

41
Q

3 adaptions of excercise?

A

Vital capacity increases

Residual volume decreases

At maximal exercise
–
tidal volume & minute ventilation increase

42
Q

What catabolism?

A

energy-releasing process, large molecules to small

43
Q

What is anabolism?

A

energy requiring process, small molecules to big

44
Q

ADP + Pi + energy = ATP

A

hi

45
Q

What is the cell’s preferred way to store energy?

A

ATP

46
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

the process that breaks chemical bonds in food to

produce energy which is stored as ATP

47
Q

3 main stages of cellular respiration and where they occur?

A

Glycolysis (cytoplasm)
Citric acid cycle (mitochondrial matrix)
Electron transport change/oxidative phosphorylation (inner mitochondrial membrane)

48
Q

What does glycolysis break down?

A

Breaks down1 glucose molecule
(6 carbon sugar) into
2 pyruvate molecules
(3 carbons)

49
Q

What does glycolsysis use?

A 
Uses 2 ATPs
in the early stages
Produces 4 ATP by the end
= net production of 2 ATP
Produces 2 NADH molecules
 
these are used in oxidative phosphorylation to produce more ATP
50
Q

Is glycolysis anerobic or aerobic?

A

anaerobic (no oxygen necessary)

51
Q

If oxygen is available after glycolysis what happens? What happens if it is not available?

A

Available- pyruvate moves to second stage (citric acid cycle)
Not available- pyruvate turns to lactice acid

52
Q

Equation for citric acid cycle?

A

1 glucose -> 2 pyruvate -> 2 Acetyl CoA

2 ATP + 6 NADH + 2 FADH + 4 C02

53
Q

What do NADH and FADH(2) do?

A

electron carrier molecules. transfer them to the electron transport chain

54
Q

How many ATP are produced by glycolysis acetyl Co-A and citric acid cycle combined?

A

36 atp

Gly- 6
CoA- 6
Citric- 24

55
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation created how many ATP?

A

32-34

56
Q

What do integral proteins do?

A

Move ions from one side of the membrane to the other

57
Q

Example of ATP-powered transport?

Which way do these work?

A

Sodium Pump

Against their concentration gradient

58
Q

What can diffuse through cell membrane?

A

All lipid soluble, some non-lipid soluble

59
Q

What facilitated diffusion active or passive?

What is commonly moved in facilitated diffusion?

A

passive

Move large, water soluble molecules or electrically charged molecules
across the plasma membrane.
Amino acids and glucose in, manufactured proteins out

60
Q

What is osmosis?

A

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

e.g. the plasma membrane

61
Q

What is osmotic pressure or osmolarity?

A

This “pull” on water created by solutes

62
Q

How is osmolarity measured?

A

Osmoles
/L or
mOsmoles
/L.

63
Q

What is the osmolarity
of the intracellular fluid of a normal
cell under normal
conditions

A

290mOsmol/L

64
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A

When the solution and inside of the cell have the same osmolarity

65
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

Osmolarity is higher in the solution than in the cell. Water is pulled out of the cell and the cell shrinks.

66
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

Osmolarity is higher in the cell than in the solution. Water is pulled into the cell causing it to burst.

67
Q

Cell swells?

Cell shrinks?

A

lysis

crenation

Compendiums 4 and 5 (1 decks)

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