EXAM Flashcards
Why do we need a respiratory system?
We need to extract nutrients out of the food we eat to keep us alive, we
need to extract gases out of the atmosphere, particularly oxygen
How long can you survive without oxygen?
3-5 min
What would happen if CO2 built up?
pH decrease
4 functions of respiratory system
olfaction, exchange of gases, voice production, and protection
2 parts of upper tract, 4 parts of lower tract
Upper- nasal cavity, pharynx
Lower- larynx, trachea, bronchii, and lungs
5 things from anterior to posterior
nares, vestibule, nasal cavity proper, hard palate, nasal septum, choanae
What is a conchae and what’re its three parts?
lateral walls has three bony shelves
these encroach into the the nasal cavity
Increasing the surface area of the
mucosal layer
superior, middle, inferior
What are meatuses?
spaces under the conchae
What do olfactory mucosa do?
Specialise mucosa at the superior aspect
Involved with olfaction
What are paranasal sinues and what do they do?
Cavities found in bones surrounding the nasal cavity
They are lined with respiratory mucosa
Drain into the nasal cavity
4 types of sinuses and their corresponding bones
Frontal sinus (Frontal bone) Maxillary sinus (Maxilla) Sphenoid sinus (Spheniod bone) Ethmoid sinus (ethmoid bone)
3 Functions of sinuses
resonation, lighten the skull, bumper bar
Purpose of pharynx, where does it run from?
This is a common pathway
for air and food
From choanae to larynx
what are the three regions the pharynx divides?
Divides into three regions Nasopharynx posterior to nasal cavity Oropharynx continous with oral cavity Laryngopharynx posterior to opening of the larynx
What type of structure is the larynx?
cartilidgenous
where is the larynx located? how many cartiledges? draped with what?
Located in the neck (adam’s apple)
9 cartilages (8 hyaline and 1 elastic)
draped with respiratory mucosa
Functions of larynx? (4)
Maintains a patent airway Mucosa aid in trapping particulate matter Directs the passage of food and air epiglottis (elastic) Houses the vocal cords muscles control the aperture and tension of vocal cords to produce sound.
How long is the trachea?
12 cm
Where is the trachea found?
anterior to oesophagus
Where is division of the trachea?
primary bronch at carina
How many cartiledgenous things in trachea and what are they joined by?
16-20 C shaped
fibrous tissue
What two things happens to the tubes in lungs as they get smaller?
Amount of cartilage in the wall decreases
Amount of smooth muscle increases
3 common features of lungs?
Apex -top Base – rest on diaphragm Hilum – on medial surface Where things enter and exit ie bronchi, blood vessels
What is on the external surface of lungs?
serous membrane the pleura (visceral)
Purpose of pleural fluid in the lungs?
Keeps the lung adhered to inner thoracic wall during breathing
What makes up the thoracic wall?
thoracic vertebrae, ribs, sternum & muscles
What does the diaphragm seperate?
muscle that separates thoracic and abdominal cavities
Muscles used in inspiration?
diaphragm contraction, external intercostals, pectoralis minor, scalenes
Muscles used in expiration?
abdominal muscles, internal intercostals
Three pressure compartments involved in breathing?
1. Atmospheric (barometric) pressure 2. Intra - alveolar or intrapulmonary pressure 3. Intra - pleural or intrathoracic pressure (pressure within the pleural sac), which is less than intrapulmonary pressure
If water molecules are so strongly attracted towards each other why don’tthe alveoli completely collapse?
Surfactant
is found
on the alveoli lining interspersed between water
molecules. It decreases the water molecules attraction to each other thus
reducing the surface tension
How much more diffusible is CO2 than oxygen?
20 times
Instrument that measures volume of air that enters respiratory system?
spirometer
What is the tidal volume?
amount of air inspired or expired with each breath. At rest: 500 mL
what is inspiratory reserve volume?
amount that can be inspired forcefully after inspiration of the tidal
volume (3000 mL at rest)
what is expiratory reserve volume?
amount that can be forcefully expired
after
expiration of the tidal volume
(100 mL at rest)
What is residual volume?
volume still remaining in respiratory passages and lungs after most forceful expiration (1200 mL)
What is inspiratory capacity?
Functional residual capacity?
Vital capacity?
Total lung capacity?
tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume
expiratory reserve volume plus residual volume
sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume
sum of inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes plus tidal volume and residual volume
What is FVC?
which is maximal amount of air that can be
forcefully expired after a death breathe in.
Type of obstructive lung disease?
Type of restrictive lung disease?
Asthma
emphysema
3 adaptions of excercise?
Vital capacity increases
Residual volume decreases
At maximal exercise
–
tidal volume & minute ventilation increase
What catabolism?
energy-releasing process, large molecules to small
What is anabolism?
energy requiring process, small molecules to big
ADP + Pi + energy = ATP
hi
What is the cell’s preferred way to store energy?
ATP
What is cellular respiration?
the process that breaks chemical bonds in food to
produce energy which is stored as ATP
3 main stages of cellular respiration and where they occur?
Glycolysis (cytoplasm)
Citric acid cycle (mitochondrial matrix)
Electron transport change/oxidative phosphorylation (inner mitochondrial membrane)
What does glycolysis break down?
Breaks down1 glucose molecule
(6 carbon sugar) into
2 pyruvate molecules
(3 carbons)
What does glycolsysis use?
Uses 2 ATPs in the early stages Produces 4 ATP by the end = net production of 2 ATP Produces 2 NADH molecules these are used in oxidative phosphorylation to produce more ATP
Is glycolysis anerobic or aerobic?
anaerobic (no oxygen necessary)
If oxygen is available after glycolysis what happens? What happens if it is not available?
Available- pyruvate moves to second stage (citric acid cycle)
Not available- pyruvate turns to lactice acid
Equation for citric acid cycle?
1 glucose -> 2 pyruvate -> 2 Acetyl CoA
2 ATP + 6 NADH + 2 FADH + 4 C02
What do NADH and FADH(2) do?
electron carrier molecules. transfer them to the electron transport chain
How many ATP are produced by glycolysis acetyl Co-A and citric acid cycle combined?
36 atp
Gly- 6
CoA- 6
Citric- 24
Oxidative phosphorylation created how many ATP?
32-34
What do integral proteins do?
Move ions from one side of the membrane to the other
Example of ATP-powered transport?
Which way do these work?
Sodium Pump
Against their concentration gradient
What can diffuse through cell membrane?
All lipid soluble, some non-lipid soluble
What facilitated diffusion active or passive?
What is commonly moved in facilitated diffusion?
passive
Move large, water soluble molecules or electrically charged molecules
across the plasma membrane.
Amino acids and glucose in, manufactured proteins out
What is osmosis?
diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
e.g. the plasma membrane
What is osmotic pressure or osmolarity?
This “pull” on water created by solutes
How is osmolarity measured?
Osmoles
/L or
mOsmoles
/L.
What is the osmolarity
of the intracellular fluid of a normal
cell under normal
conditions
290mOsmol/L
What is an isotonic solution?
When the solution and inside of the cell have the same osmolarity
What is a hypertonic solution?
Osmolarity is higher in the solution than in the cell. Water is pulled out of the cell and the cell shrinks.
What is a hypotonic solution?
Osmolarity is higher in the cell than in the solution. Water is pulled into the cell causing it to burst.
Cell swells?
Cell shrinks?
lysis
crenation
