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OFA-2 > Exam > Flashcards

Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Hypovolemic shock

A
  • Shock caused by blood / fluid loss

- Some symptoms are pale skin, sweating, high heart rate, low blood pressure, high respiration, thirst, agitation

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2
Q

Special attention hypovolemic shock patients

A
  • Athletes (may show signs later due to good cardio system)
  • Pregnant women (may show signs later due to increased blood volume & extra damage to fetus)
  • Cardiac patients (weak hearts = high risk, heart meds may slow early signs)
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3
Q

Cardiogenic shock

A
  • Heart attack (structural damage)
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4
Q

Anaphylactic shock

A
  • Allergic reaction

- Some symptoms are itching, hives, numbness, labored breathing, chest discomfort, swelling on face, vomiting

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5
Q

Septic shock

A
  • Caused by bacteria in bloodstream, most common in hospitals
  • Some symptoms are increased pulse, respiration, confusion, high fever
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6
Q

Neurogenic shock

A
  • Caused by completely paralyzing spinal cord injury
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7
Q

CPR

A
  • Sets of 30 compressions and 2 ventilations with mask
  • Provides ~25% of normal blood flow to brain
  • Ends when cardiac function restored, higher care providers arise, rescuer cannot physically continue, if has been performed for 30 mins without any return of pulse in normal temperature patients
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8
Q

Don’t provide CPR when

A
  • Clearly dead
  • Documented submersion for > 60 min
  • Other patients rank higher priority (eg has vitals and in life threatening condition)
  • Has DNR or Advanced Directive
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9
Q

AED survival in non-traumatic heart attack

A
  • 90% < 1 min
  • 50% 5 min
  • 30% 7 min
  • 10% 9 - 12 min
  • 2 - 5% > 12 min
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10
Q

Signs of airway obstruction

A
  • Hoarseness, stridor (high-pitched noise), cyanosis (purple discoloration), no visual signs of breathing
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11
Q

Ways to open airway

A
  • Ask patient to cough
  • Perform finger sweep
  • Head tilt chin lift (for unconscious)
  • Back blows (conscious & foreign body obstruction)
  • Abdominal / chest thrusts (conscious & foreign body obstruction)
  • Chest compressions (unconscious)
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12
Q

Dyspnea

A
  • Shortness of breath
  • Some causes are obstruction, asthma, chest injury, collapsed lung, lung infection or other direct damage like laceration
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13
Q

General categories of chest injury

A
  • Closed (skin intact, often caused by blunt trauma or crush, can be significant internal damage)
  • Open (chest penetrated by object or rib)
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14
Q

Flail chest

A
  • Caused by two or more broken ribs (part of chest can become disconnected), can produce exaggerated paradoxical movement
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15
Q

Types of pneumothorax

A
  • Closed (lung tear that leads to air being trapped outside lung within chest)
  • Open (lung exposed to outside air via puncture)
  • Tension (injury in a way that allows air to enter pleural space but not exit, thus gradually building and collapsing lung)
  • Spontaneous (rupture due to structural weakness via medical condition or other)
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16
Q

Other lung injuries

A
  • Hemothorax (bleeding that collects in pleural space)
  • Pulmonary contusion (bruise to lung, usually from blunt force)
  • Blast injury (air pressure can damage lung air sacs –> hypoxia due to lack of oxygen movement)
  • Smoke inhalation (problems caused by toxins, can cause pulmonary edema and inflammation in lungs)
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17
Q

Traumatic asphyxia

A

sudden trauma to heart that causes blood discharge to upper body, leading to hemorrhages

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18
Q

Asthma

A
  • Airway constriction and build up of edema, can be caused by things like allergies, respiratory infection, etc.
  • Can become status asthmaticus if becomes prolonged for hours and doesn’t respond to medication (very little respiration and dangerous)
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19
Q

Emphysema

A
  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease where alveoli become destroyed and trap air, making it hard to breathe over time
  • Some symptoms are overinflated chest, drowsiness, hunching over, difficult respiration
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20
Q

Chronic bronchitis

A
  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease where bronchial tree becomes inflamed, swollen, built up with excessive mucus
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21
Q

Pneumonia

A
  • Expulsion of fluid and cells into lungs, produces hypoxia and cyanosis
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22
Q

Priority Action Approach

A
  • Scene assessment -> primary survey -> transport decision -> secondary survey
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23
Q

Scene Assessment

A
  • Hazards, mechanism, number of patients
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24
Q

Primary Survey

A
  • Check LOC (Alert, Verbal, Pain, Unresponsive)

- Check airway, breathing, circulation

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25
Q

How does body stop bleeding

A
  • Pulls cut blood vessels back into tissue

- Clots wound

26
Q

Hemorrhage control

A
  • Pressure on wound (preferably with sterile dressing held down by bandage) while supporting injured limb
  • Position should be at rest lying down
  • Bleeding part should not be unnecessarily moved
27
Q

Tourniquet

A
  • Should only be used if all other methods of hemorrhage control are ineffective or if other life-threatening priority is demanding attention
28
Q

Neck bleeding

A
  • Needs continued direct pressure, attendant should also monitor for airway problems due to potential compression
29
Q

Treating major wound

A
  • Control bleeding
  • Prevent infection by brushing away contaminants and washing with water. Further cleansing should be left to physician as to not potentially destroy healthy cells
  • Immobilize affected area
30
Q

Handling amputation

A
  • Try to keep severed part in case of reattachment (clean any foreign matter, dress it, seal it and place in container with ice or cold water)
31
Q

Handling crush

A
  • Need to conduct thorough body examination for swelling, numbness, pain, immobility
  • Apply cold for 20 min intervals w/ 5 min rest
32
Q

Treating facial injury

A
  • Always clear airway and assume spinal injury

- Direct pressure on wound, obtain any severed parts, keep any flap wounds bandaged in position

33
Q

Treating eye injury

A
  • Do not apply direct pressure on the eye, keep bleeding controlled with rigid eye patch
  • Place patient face up in case of laceration or extrusion, sitting in case of hyphemia (blunt trauma)
34
Q

Treating eye chemical burn

A
  • Irrigate eyes at eyewash station for 30 mins minimum
  • Remove remaining particles with gauze, continue to flush if burned by strong chemical
  • Frequently change cold wet dressings on eye if can’t flush
35
Q

Treating eye thermal burn

A
  • Don’t examine eye, just cover with moist dressing
36
Q

Treating eye UV burn

A
  • Examine eye for foreign bodies (can apply topical anesthetic up to 2 times)
  • Provide mild pain medication if needed, patient may need to wear dark glasses for a few days due to photosensitivity
  • Typically not serious injury
37
Q

External ear injury

A
  • Flash in case of small foreign body, larger problems / bleeding / severe pain should be referred to physician
  • Pressure, cleanse, dress, and keep avulsed parts in case of laceration
  • Apply ice in case of significant hematoma
38
Q

Middle/inner ear injury

A
  • Should be referred to physician
39
Q

What to keep in mind when giving non prescription medication

A
  • Familiar with instructions, side effects, expiry, administration
  • Know worker’s history and interactions w/ any other medication they are taking
  • Keep first aid record
40
Q

What to keep in mind when giving prescription medication

A
  • Know prescribed worker, expiry, administration, dosage, any possible reactions and complications / side effects
41
Q

What kind of minor wounds should be referred to medical aid?

A
  • Longer than 3 cm or to palm / back of hand in joint areas
  • Wounds that need suturing
  • Dirty wounds or bites, wounds with embedded foreign material
  • 2nd degree burns covering < 10% of body or 3rd degree covering < 2%
42
Q

Coronary artery disease

A
  • Over time blockage of coronary artery or one of its branches that causes heart attack
43
Q

Atherosclerosis

A
  • Buildup of fatty deposits in arterial wall that increases blood pressure, narrows artery, and builds blood clots that may break off
44
Q

Angina pectoris

A
  • Chest discomfort that arises in coronary artery disease where blood vessels cannot dilate and body becomes starved for oxygen in high demand situations
  • Rarely last for more than 15 mins as heart rate returns to normal, heart attack should be assumed if longer than 30 mins
  • Managed by prescribed nitroglycerin medication
45
Q

Myocardial infarction

A
  • Heart attack, caused by rupture of arterial plaque that forms blood clot
46
Q

Arrhythmia

A
  • Irregular heart rhythm, commonly causes death in heart attack (ventricular fibrillation)
47
Q

Congestive heart failure

A
  • Failure of left ventricle to empty causes blood to back up into lungs and interferes with oxygen / carbon dioxide exchange
48
Q

Carbon monoxide poisoning

A
  • CO binds with red blood cells which are no longer able to use oxygen
49
Q

Chlorine gas

A
  • Inflames lungs tissue, causing accumulation of fluid that leads to hypoxia due to thickened alveoli walls
50
Q

Hydrogen sulphide

A
  • Poisons brain respiratory center and blocks oxygen use by cells
51
Q

Cyanide

A
  • Blocks oxygen use by all cells
52
Q

Diabetes

A
  • Lack of insulin production that leads to inability of cells to use glucose, either developed in childhood or adulthood (due to insulin resistance)
53
Q

Hypoglycemia

A
  • Low blood sugar, often caused by people on diabetes medication who eat too little, take too much, exercise, etc.
  • Treat with sugar
54
Q

Hyperglycemia

A
  • High blood sugar that causes cell malfunction due to lack of insulin, leads to urination and dehydration that results in waste products accumulation in blood
55
Q

Managing critical incident stress

A
  • Short defusing session held ASAP followed by longer debriefing session 24 to 72 hours after incident
56
Q

AEIOUTRIPS

A
  • Alcohol, Epilepsy, Insulin (diabetes), Overdose, Uremia (kidney failure), Trauma, Respiration, Infection, Poisoning, Stroke
57
Q

Types of stroke

A
  • Ischemic, can be cerebral thrombosis (narrowed arteries in brain that can form blood clot), cerebral embolism (clot or foreign material that originates elsewhere and moves to brain)
  • Hemorrhagic (rupture of cerebral artery that leads to bleeding and brain damage)
58
Q

Generalized tonic-clonic seizures

A
  • Sensation that something will happen followed by collapse and convulsions, followed by slow (10 - 30 min) return to consciousness
  • Most common type
59
Q

Absence seizures

A
  • Usually brief (<1 min) and occurs in children

- Patient stares into space and does not convulse

60
Q

Simple partial seizures

A
  • Typically only affect one part of body and brain

- Patient does not lose consciousness

61
Q

Complex partial seizures

A
  • Characterized by altered behavior
62
Q

Status epilepticus

A
  • Serious seizure that lasts for more than 20 mins

OFA-2 (1 decks)

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