Exam

Question 1

Cephalization

Answer 1

Mouth, sense organ became concentrated in the front end of the animal formin a head region

Question 2

nerve nets

Answer 2

the simplest form of a nervous system developed

Hydra and sea star

Question 3

Bilateralia

Answer 3

Can move using mm, front end will encounter the stimuli first as it moved foreward which has been part of creating the sense organs of the body. There are some which have a brain, and or others has one or more ganglia.

(planarian, leechm insectm chiton, squid, salamander)

Question 4

Artropods(insects) basic CND

Answer 4

a brain formed by fusion of the ganglia for the head segments ahead of and behind the mouth, so that the esophagus is encircled by this
conglomeration of ganglia.

Question 5

Typically used in experimentation

Answer 5

Cephalopods: The giant nerve fibers of the cephalopod mantle have been widely used for many years as experimental material in neurophysiology; their large diameter (due to lack of myelination)
makes them relatively easy to study compared with other animals.

Question 6

Neural crest cells

Answer 6

are a temporary group of cells unique to chordates of the group Cristozoa that arise from the embryonic ectoderm cell layer

Question 7

Encephalization

Answer 7

Changes in the structure, increase in size.

Describes the evolution of cranial capacity of the human(?) brain

Question 8

Glial cells role

Answer 8

non-neuronal cells that provide support and nutrition ( maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and participate in signal transmission in the nervous system. )

Question 9

third week of human embryonic development

Answer 9

the neuroectoderm appears and forms the neural plate along the dorsal side of the embryo. The neural plate is the source of the majority of neurons and glial cells of the CNS.”

Question 10

Neurulation

Answer 10

refers to the folding process in vertebrate embryos, which includes the transformation of the neural plate into the neural tube.

Question 11

Describe the different brain vesicles FIRST developed in the embryo during development

Answer 11

• forebrain (prosencephalon),
• midbrain (mesencephalon)
• hindbrain (rhombencephalon)

Question 12

Describe the different brain vesicles FURTHER develope into of the embryo during development

Answer 12

• telencephalon (future cerebral cortex and basal ganglia)
• diencephalon (future thalamus and hypothalamus)
• mesencephalon (future colliculi),
• metencephalon (future pons and cerebellum)
• myelencephalon (future medulla).

Question 13

conduction with decrement

Answer 13

The farther the recording electrode from the site of stimulation, the smaller is the potential change which can reach that electrode: the conduction is said to happen with decrease or it is called conduction with decrement

Question 14

propagated action potential

Answer 14

If the membrane potential of an excitable cell is artificially changed toward 0 mV (depolarization), reaching a given threshold (threshold potential, -30 - -40mV) a self generating

Question 15

tetrodotoxin

Answer 15

a toxin from marine fish venom - specifically blocks the voltage dependent sodium channel. This channel operater really fast, opens by activation, inactivates at about +25 mV. It has three states: closed, open and inactivated.

Question 16

tetraethyl ammonium

Answer 16

The specific blocker of the voltage dependent potassium channel. This channel oerates relatively slowly. It is either closed or opened, it has no inactivated state. (2 states)

Question 17

Propagation of AP in myelinated fibers: fast conduction made poss by

Answer 17

by the fact that only the nodes of Ranvier contain the TTX-sensitive sodium channels but not the internodiums. Even though the ap will decau brw the nodes on the myelin sheath - at each node the AP will regenerate causing strong ap again

Question 18

Gap junction where

Answer 18

Electric synapses are involved in fast reflex arches in the central nervous system. The best known non-neuronal electric synapse is the gap junction system between cardiac cells. Similar connections have been found between liver and smooth muscle cells.

Question 19

Chemical synapses found where

Answer 19

in muscles or glands

Question 20

Cotransmission

Answer 20

the release of several types of neurotransmitters from a single nerve terminal. This allows for more complex effects at postsynaptic receptors, and thus allows
for more complex communication to occur between neurons.

Question 21

Ionotropic and metabotropic effect

Answer 21

the neurotransmitter receptor can be classified into two broad categories: metabotropic and ionotropic receptors. Ionotropic receptors form an ion channel pore. When an ionotropic receptor is activated, it opens a channel that allows ions such as Na+, K+, or Cl− to flow. When a metabotropic receptor is activated, a series of intracellular events are triggered that can also result in ion channels opening or other intracellular events, but involve a range of second messenger chemicals.

Question 22

The spinal cord functions primarily in

Answer 22

the transmission of nerve signals from the motor cortex to the body, and from the afferent fibers of the sensory neurons to the sensory cortex.

Question 23

central pattern generators

Answer 23

The spinal cord is also the location of groups of spinal interneurons that make up the neural circuits, responsible for controlling motor instructions for rhythmic movements such as walking.

Question 24

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Answer 24

🔺A key component of the arousal system.
🔺 part of the hypothalamus
🔺contain biological clock

Question 25

The limbic system

Answer 25

emotion, behavior, motivation, long-term memory, and olfaction

Question 26

Which areas of the brain are involved in learning and memory

Answer 26

expressed as changes in the synaptic connections between neurons in a variety of brain areas:
• cerebralcortex,
• hippocampus,
• basalganglia,
• cerebellum.
This phenomenon is called synaptic plasticity.

Question 27

The hippocampus

Answer 27

part of the limbic system, and plays important roles in the consolidation of information from short- term memory to long-term memory, and in spatial memory that enables navigation.

Question 28

The main components of the basal ganglia are

Answer 28

• striatum,
• globus pallidus,
• ventral pallidum,
• substantia nigra,
• subthalamic nucleus.

Question 29

Voluntary movement is initiated in

Answer 29

the Motor Cortex

Question 30

Thalamus

Answer 30

relay station, or hub, relaying information between different
subcortical areas and the cerebral cortex

Question 31

lobotomy

Answer 31

a form of psychosurgery, a neurosurgical treatment of a mental disorder that involves severing connections in the brain’s prefrontal cortex. improvements were achieved at the cost of creating other impairments

Question 32

glial scar

Answer 32

Change in glial cells bc damade in CNS. In its most extreme form, the proliferation associated with gliosis leads to the formation of a glial scar.

Question 33

Neuroprosthetics

Answer 33

Neural prostheses are a series of devices that can substitute a motor, sensory or cognitive modality that might have been damaged as a result of an injury or a disease. Eg. Brain implant, robotic leg…

Question 34

Cochlear implant

Answer 34

electric signals which directly stimulate the auditory nerve.

Question 35

large-scale electric signals

Answer 35

electroencephalography (electrophysiological recordings)

Question 36

Intracellular recording

Answer 36

involves measuring voltage and/or current across the membrane of a cell.

Question 37

Extracellular recording

Answer 37

the electrode will usually detect the activity of at most one neuron. This method is called single-unit recording.

Question 38

Multi-unit recording

Answer 38

If the electrode tip is slightly larger, then the electrode might record the activity generated by several neurons.

Question 39

Electroencephalography, EEG is

Answer 39

record electrical activity over a time period of the brain. It is typically noninvasive. The different brainwaves are seen.

(Cap with electrodes stuck to it)

Question 40

Neuroimaging

Answer 40

directly or indirectly image the structure, function, or pharmacology of the nervous system

Question 41

Positron emission tomography (PET) use

Answer 41

technique that is used to observe metabolic processes in the body

Question 42

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) use

Answer 42

MRI technology that measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow.

Question 43

efMRI use

Answer 43

Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (efMRI) is a technique that can be used to detect changes in the hemodynamic response to neural activity in response to certain events.

Eg. Showing face vs house

Question 44

Cre-Lox recombination

Answer 44

Genetically modified animals; transgenic

Allows gene modification! Recombo causing :(Excision=Deletion, inversion, translocation)

Question 45

Normal function of tau protein:

Answer 45

stabilizes microtubules

Eg. Accumulated during alzheimers disease

Question 46

Schwann cells

Answer 46

the principal glia of the peripheral nervous system

Question 47

Oligodendrocytes

Answer 47

• the myelin-forming cells of the central nervous system

Question 48

meninges are the three membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord. In mammals, the meninges are the

Answer 48

dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. The primary function of the meninges is to protect the central nervous system.

Question 49

ependymal cells.

Answer 49

Modifyed constituents of the choroid plexus

Question 50

Arachnoid granulation

Answer 50

They protrude into the dural venous sinuses of the brain, and allow cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to exit the subarachnoid space and enter the blood stream.

Question 51

medulla oblongata develops from and function

Answer 51

🔺The myelencephalon/ afterbrain (region of embryonic hindbrain)
🔺 home to all ascending and descending tracts, nuclei and centers that sort, relay, and modulate a variety of activities necessary for the maintenance of homeostasis

Question 52

Nucl gracilis and cuneatu. Olivary nucl

Answer 52

Through the nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus it transmit afferent sensory information to the thalamus, and from the olivary nucleus it relays information from the cerebral cortex, diencephalon, and brainstem to the cerebellum.

Question 53

Through the cardiovascular center and vasomotor center the medulla provides

Answer 53

modulation and fine tuning of heart rate, the strength of myocardial contractility, and the dilatation and constriction of the peripheral vasculature.

Question 54

Through the respiratory rhythmicity center the MO fine tunes and modulates afferent information received from the

Answer 54

pons and provides baseline set points for the respiratory rate.

(Dorsal gr: inspiration, ventral gr: expiration.)

Question 55

chemoreceptors

Answer 55

in the vicinity of the exit of the 9th and

10th cranial nerves, are sensitive to the pH of their environment.

Question 56

reticular formation

Answer 56

In MO, helps regulate vital autonomic functions via its interaction with
the respiratory rhythmicity and cardiovascular centers.

Question 57

bulbar reflexes

Answer 57

pharyngeal reflex, the swallowing reflex (also known as the palatal reflex), and the masseter reflex

Question 58

Cerebellum

Answer 58

Motor control

Question 59

Tectum

Answer 59

Midbrain, auditory and visual reflexes. In humans, the tectal area known as the corpora quadrigemina consists of the inferior(auditory processing) and the superior colliculi(eye movements)

Question 60

tegmentum

Answer 60

red nucleus is in charge of motor coordination (specifically for limb movements). The substantia nigra serves an important role in rewarding behaviors such as approaching desired objects.