Exam Flashcards
What is culture (4 bullet points)
- learned
- visible and invisible
- situated
- individual and shared
What does culture do? (2 bullet points)
- changes and adapts
- emerges through interaction
Culture is a process that is: (5 points)
- learned
- localized
- patterned
- confers and expresses values
- Persistent but adaptive
Culture is learned:
-listening to, observing and assessing
-shared with those who you learn and who you teach
-institutions may formally transmit culture (schools, religious groups)
-learning is more complex as we age
(initially family –> to peers)
Culture is localized:
- culture is shared within societies
- culture is situated in what is personally meaningful (may not be universally shared)
- culture can exist in multiple contexts (including virtual)
- the strength of shared culture may be more binding than proximity
- most societies have cultural subgroups
Culture is Patterned
patterning is essential for social success and maintaining societies
-patterns set social expectations
Made up of: routines, habits that organize daily life
-rituals, a formal pattern of behaviours, create and maintain cultural cohesion
-Routines can become rituals when they have meaning beyond fulfilling a biological need
Culture confers and expresses values:
4 points about values
- values assign moral and ethical judgement to ideas and behaviours
- Values define concepts and behaviours that are important within a society
- values reflect shared meaning and are needed within a society for cohesion
- Values can be contradictory and are contingent on context
Primary Values: consistent value categories across culture
- Conception of innate human nature
- Relationship to nature and the use of technology
- Temporal focus of human life (time)
- Conception of human activity
- Conception of human relationships to others
Values as an integrated system:
value orientation vs a discrete set of values
- may be embedded in religion or standard of morality
- reinforced by economic, political or family structures ( professional code of ethics)
- reinforced by social groups, people who differ may feel stigmatized
- personal orientation evolve overtime
- generations may show differences
Culture is Persistent but adaptive:
- Cultural identity is usually stable, but can adapt
- changes over a person’s life course
- Change may be experiences across a society simultaneously with similar responses
Culture vs Society:
Culture: shared understandings that give private meaning to people’s behaviour
Society: the organization of people, arranged around significant dimensions
Societies:
- include many cultural groups and subgroups
- organized around patterned behaviours
- structured around institutions
- institutions are organized around central themes
- ->hospitals are institutions organized around health care
Universal Institutions
-Economic and political
-family groups
-religion
groups help meet individual and social needs
groups –> institutions –? societies
Status
Position in society --> comes with rights and responsibilities --> reciprocal expectations Ex: parent and child health care provider and patient/client
ascribed status
from birth, cannot be altered
Achieved status
acquired through effort and /or competition
Q what could restrict or limit status
Race
Inherited traits, physically visible, categorized by language, skin colour, religion
Ethnicity:
Presumed place or origin, believed similarities of a group (physical and customs)
- May be mistaken for culture
- may be part of someone’s identity
Race and Ethnicity (3 points)
-Both socially constructed categories
-no empirical evidence for categories
-discrimination experienced is real
-
Stereotypes
generalizations about groups based on common features (appearance, ethnicity, gender)
- -> human tendency to categorize different vs. sam
- -> what are stereotypes about OT
Bias
prejudice in favor of or against typically considered to be unfair
–> examples of bias in the media recently?
How might bias play out in health care
Social role: (4 points)
expected behaviour based on a status position in a specific situation
- -> takes into accounts rights and expectations
- expectations may differ from culture to culture
- roles have occupations associated with them
(e. g Student and professor)
Roles evolve as culture evolves (eg)
-men’s and women’s roles in North America in 1950s vs 2019
Family roles:
spouse, parent, child, sibling etc.