exam

Question 1

acquisition

Answer 1

initial learning of associating an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus

Question 2

Crucial

Answer 2

Timing between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Question 3

Psychological reflex from the CS is..

Answer 3

conditioned response

Question 4

Classical conditioning

Answer 4

Pavlovian conditioning

Question 5

Unconditioned response

Answer 5

Involuntary, automatic reflex elicited by an unconditioned stimulus

Question 6

Obtaining classical conditioning

Answer 6

pair of neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 7

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 7

elicits reflex without prior learning

Question 8

observational learning

Answer 8

learn by watching what others do

Question 9

learning

Answer 9

permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience

Question 10

associative learning

Answer 10

connection made between two events

Question 11

1st trail learning

Answer 11

large time window prepardness

Question 12

emotional responses

Answer 12

conditioned stimulus elicits an emotional sensation (fear and happiness)

Question 13

stimulus substitution

Answer 13

the unconditioned stimulus is substituted by the conditioned stimulus

Question 14

contiguity theory

Answer 14

two stimuli are paired close in a time, conditioned stimulus becomes the unconditioned stimulus

Question 15

cognitive perspective

Answer 15

conditioned stimulus predicts the occurrence of the unconditioned stimulus

Question 16

systematic desensitization

Answer 16

imagining anxiety producing stimuli and using relaxation techniques to overcome anxiety

Question 17

counterconditioning

Answer 17

replaces fear with relaxation

Question 18

associative learning (operant conditioning)

Answer 18

behavior is followed by a consequence which increases and decreases the chance that it will be repeated

Question 19

law of effect

Thorndike (1874-1947)

Answer 19

behavior followed by good consequence are strengthened, bad are weakened

Question 20

operant response

Skinner (1904-1990)

Answer 20

response modified by consequences

Question 21

shaping

Answer 21

process of rewarding approximation of desired behavior

Question 22

superstitious behavior

Answer 22

behavior accidentally paired with reinforcer that results in an increase in that behavior

Question 23

reinforcer

Answer 23

consequence after a behavior that increases the chance it will occur again

Question 24

positive reinforcer

Answer 24

present a stimulus (treat)

Question 25

negative reinforcer

Answer 25

removal of an aversive stimulus (shock)

Question 26

primary reinforcer

Answer 26

stimulus that directly gives satisfaction

Question 27

secondary reinforcer

Answer 27

stimulus that indirectly gives satisfaction, association is learned

Question 28

continuous reinforcer

Answer 28

every operant response is reinforced

Question 29

partial reinforcer

Answer 29

responding is reinforced only sometimes

Question 30

fixed-ratio schedule

Answer 30

reinforcer after a fixed number of responses | every 10th response

Question 31

variable-ratio schedule

Answer 31

the number of responses needed for reinforcement varies with each reinforcer

Question 32

1st process of social cognitive theory

Answer 32

Attention | pay attention to the models actions

Question 33

2nd process of social cognitive theory

Answer 33

Memory | store info for later use

Question 34

3rd process of social cognitive theory

Answer 34

Imitation | use memory to imitate models actions

Question 35

4th process of social cognitive theory

Answer 35

Motivation | need incentive to imitate

Question 36

social cognitive theory treatment

Answer 36

helps with creating and removing phobias, and social actions

Question 37

behavior modification

Answer 37

treatment/therapy that uses CC, OC, and SCT to modify and change behaviors

Question 38

positive punishment

Answer 38

may lead to aggressive behavior (spanking)

Question 39

negative punishment

Answer 39

less negative reactions (time out)

Question 40

memory

Answer 40

ability to encode, retain, and retrieve info over time

Question 41

sensory memory

Answer 41

incoming sensory info is held very briefly

Question 42

iconic memory

Answer 42

visual info is held for 1/4-1/2 seconds

Question 43

echoic memory

Answer 43

auditory info is held for 2-4 seconds

Question 44

short term memory

Answer 44

brief storage that holds up to 7 items

Question 45

chunking

Answer 45

items can be combined into larger units

Question 46

long term memory

Answer 46

relatively permanent storage of info | unlimited storage

Question 47

encoding

Answer 47

storing info into mental representations

Question 48

automatic encoding

Answer 48

transfer without effort, no awareness | reading, time, space

Question 49

effortful encoding

Answer 49

transferring info with time and effort

Question 50

maintenance rehearsal

Answer 50

rote memorization and repeating | keeps info in STM longer, can transfer into LTM

Question 51

elaborative rehearsal

Answer 51

creating meaningful connection between new info and old info into LTM (chunking)

Question 52

mnemonic devices

Answer 52

learning technique that improves encoding and creates better retrieval cues

Question 53

imagery

Answer 53

creating mental picture of info

Question 54

what happens if elaborative rehearsal is used?

Answer 54

memory will definitely go to LTM

Question 55

recall

Answer 55

retrieving info without having cues and hints

Question 56

recognition

Answer 56

retrieving info by choosing from a set of options | has the help of cues

Question 57

serial position effect

Answer 57

we remember better the 1st and last items in a list

Question 58

primary effect

Answer 58

better recall for beginning items | evidence for LTM

Question 59

recency effect

Answer 59

better recall for end items | evidence for STM

Question 60

implanting false memories

Answer 60

by reinforcement and suggestion, can implant memories

Question 61

hypnosis

Answer 61

can be used to uncover hidden memories | its a myth

Question 62

1st characteristic of classical conditioning

Answer 62

Generalization | stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus may produce a conditioned response

Question 63

2nd characteristic of classical conditioning

Answer 63

Discrimination | making a conditioned response to some stimuli but not others

Question 64

3rd characteristic of classical conditioning

Answer 64

Extinction | conditioned stimulus repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus

Question 65

4th characteristic of classical conditioning

Answer 65

Spontaneous recovery | after being extinguished, conditioned response reappears (relapse)