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1
Q

acquisition

A

initial learning of associating an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus

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2
Q

Crucial

A

Timing between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

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3
Q

Psychological reflex from the CS is..

A

conditioned response

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4
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Pavlovian conditioning

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5
Q

Unconditioned response

A

Involuntary, automatic reflex elicited by an unconditioned stimulus

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6
Q

Obtaining classical conditioning

A

pair of neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus

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7
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

elicits reflex without prior learning

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8
Q

observational learning

A

learn by watching what others do

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9
Q

learning

A

permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience

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10
Q

associative learning

A

connection made between two events

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11
Q

1st trail learning

A

large time window prepardness

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12
Q

emotional responses

A

conditioned stimulus elicits an emotional sensation (fear and happiness)

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13
Q

stimulus substitution

A

the unconditioned stimulus is substituted by the conditioned stimulus

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14
Q

contiguity theory

A

two stimuli are paired close in a time, conditioned stimulus becomes the unconditioned stimulus

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15
Q

cognitive perspective

A

conditioned stimulus predicts the occurrence of the unconditioned stimulus

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16
Q

systematic desensitization

A

imagining anxiety producing stimuli and using relaxation techniques to overcome anxiety

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17
Q

counterconditioning

A

replaces fear with relaxation

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18
Q

associative learning (operant conditioning)

A

behavior is followed by a consequence which increases and decreases the chance that it will be repeated

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19
Q

law of effect

Thorndike (1874-1947)

A

behavior followed by good consequence are strengthened, bad are weakened

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20
Q

operant response

Skinner (1904-1990)

A

response modified by consequences

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21
Q

shaping

A

process of rewarding approximation of desired behavior

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22
Q

superstitious behavior

A

behavior accidentally paired with reinforcer that results in an increase in that behavior

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23
Q

reinforcer

A

consequence after a behavior that increases the chance it will occur again

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24
Q

positive reinforcer

A

present a stimulus (treat)

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25
Q

negative reinforcer

A

removal of an aversive stimulus (shock)

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26
Q

primary reinforcer

A

stimulus that directly gives satisfaction

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27
Q

secondary reinforcer

A

stimulus that indirectly gives satisfaction, association is learned

28
Q

continuous reinforcer

A

every operant response is reinforced

29
Q

partial reinforcer

A

responding is reinforced only sometimes

30
Q

fixed-ratio schedule

A

reinforcer after a fixed number of responses

every 10th response

31
Q

variable-ratio schedule

A

the number of responses needed for reinforcement varies with each reinforcer

32
Q

1st process of social cognitive theory

A

Attention

pay attention to the models actions

33
Q

2nd process of social cognitive theory

A

Memory

store info for later use

34
Q

3rd process of social cognitive theory

A

Imitation

use memory to imitate models actions

35
Q

4th process of social cognitive theory

A

Motivation

need incentive to imitate

36
Q

social cognitive theory treatment

A

helps with creating and removing phobias, and social actions

37
Q

behavior modification

A

treatment/therapy that uses CC, OC, and SCT to modify and change behaviors

38
Q

positive punishment

A

may lead to aggressive behavior (spanking)

39
Q

negative punishment

A

less negative reactions (time out)

40
Q

memory

A

ability to encode, retain, and retrieve info over time

41
Q

sensory memory

A

incoming sensory info is held very briefly

42
Q

iconic memory

A

visual info is held for 1/4-1/2 seconds

43
Q

echoic memory

A

auditory info is held for 2-4 seconds

44
Q

short term memory

A

brief storage that holds up to 7 items

45
Q

chunking

A

items can be combined into larger units

46
Q

long term memory

A

relatively permanent storage of info

unlimited storage

47
Q

encoding

A

storing info into mental representations

48
Q

automatic encoding

A

transfer without effort, no awareness

reading, time, space

49
Q

effortful encoding

A

transferring info with time and effort

50
Q

maintenance rehearsal

A

rote memorization and repeating

keeps info in STM longer, can transfer into LTM

51
Q

elaborative rehearsal

A

creating meaningful connection between new info and old info into LTM
(chunking)

52
Q

mnemonic devices

A

learning technique that improves encoding and creates better retrieval cues

53
Q

imagery

A

creating mental picture of info

54
Q

what happens if elaborative rehearsal is used?

A

memory will definitely go to LTM

55
Q

recall

A

retrieving info without having cues and hints

56
Q

recognition

A

retrieving info by choosing from a set of options

has the help of cues

57
Q

serial position effect

A

we remember better the 1st and last items in a list

58
Q

primary effect

A

better recall for beginning items

evidence for LTM

59
Q

recency effect

A

better recall for end items

evidence for STM

60
Q

implanting false memories

A

by reinforcement and suggestion, can implant memories

61
Q

hypnosis

A

can be used to uncover hidden memories

its a myth

62
Q

1st characteristic of classical conditioning

A

Generalization

stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus may produce a conditioned response

63
Q

2nd characteristic of classical conditioning

A

Discrimination

making a conditioned response to some stimuli but not others

64
Q

3rd characteristic of classical conditioning

A

Extinction

conditioned stimulus repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus

65
Q

4th characteristic of classical conditioning

A

Spontaneous recovery

after being extinguished, conditioned response reappears (relapse)

psych test 4 (1 decks)

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