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Logistics > Exam > Flashcards

Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Role of warehouses

A

In the past warehouses served the strategic role of long-term storage of raw materials and finished goods. The warehouses had to support sufficient levels of inventory to supply for long period of customers orders.
Activities beyond product storage ad shipment:
• Coordination of material and information flows among multiply participants of supply chain.
• Modifying the materials and conducting some VAP tasks.

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2
Q

Objectives of the warehouses or distribution centers

A
  • Shorter cycle time
  • Lower inventories -> lower costs
  • Improved customer service levels
  • Added value
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3
Q

Need for advanced technologies

A

• Redesign of warehouses, automation or relocation

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4
Q

Combining public and private, because:

A

o Of varying regional market conditions
o Customers volumes and requirements
o Other factors, for example seasonality

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5
Q

Private

A

o Stable demand
o Dense market area
o Control (physical and service)

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6
Q

Public

A

o Requirements for no or limited capital investment
o Space need for shorter or longer periods
o Location flexibility
o Additional services from providers of storage space e.g. services for manufacturers and suppliers, distribution management services, which can be integrated within a total logistics system

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7
Q

Centralized or decentralized?

A

Small and medium size companies with regional market need only one or few warehouses while the need of large firms with national or international markets are different.
While making centralizing decision we should consider firms’ supply and demand conditions and close coordination with transportation alternatives.

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8
Q

What factors affects the location of WH?

A
  • Availability or transportation
  • Proximity to markets and customers
  • Supplier network
  • Land costs and utilities
  • Centralization or decentralization of DCs
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9
Q

What are the objectives of design and layout?

A
  • Optimal use of storage space
  • Smooth flow
  • Labor productivity
  • Adequate protection of goods
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10
Q

What are parameters of layout planning?

A
  • Aisle space (пространство прохода)
  • Shelving (стеллажи)
  • Racking (система стеллажей)
  • Handling equipment
  • All others physical dimensions of the interior.
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11
Q

What is the purpose of Supply Chain execution system (SCES)?

A

Manage inventory, space, material handling equipment, labor, and transportation recourses in real time to assure timely, error-free fulfillment, delivery and visibility of order status throughout the supply chain as well as matching material and information flow.

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12
Q

What are the impact areas of SCES?

A 
•	Fulfillment
•	Delivery
•	Visibility
•	Responsiveness
Right conditions, right material and right time - required for fulfillment and delivery. People are necessary for achieving these goals.
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13
Q

What are the components of SCES?

A
  • Warehouse and Labor management
  • Transportation management
  • Yard management
  • International Trade Logistics
  • Supply chain visibility and event management.
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14
Q

What is the purpose of Warehouse management system?

A

Manages warehouse inventory, space, equipment, and labor resources to direct the flow of materials and information from receiving and putaway to light assembly, order picking, value-added processing and shipment.

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15
Q

What are the functions of WMS?

A
  • Receiving (blind, conventional or automatic etc.)
  • Putaway (dedicated, random or hybrid; location selection; put confirmation)
  • Picking and shipping (picking, confirmation of picking, shipping check lists, manifests, bills etc.)
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16
Q

What are the largest transported product groups by road transport?

A
  • Soil and products for construction industry
  • Agricultural products and foodstuffs
  • Forest industry
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17
Q

Who were the main users of rail?

A
  • Forest industry
  • Metal industry
  • Chemicals industry
  • The transit traffic
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18
Q

What are the largest product groups transported by water?

A
  • Oil products

* Raw wood products

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19
Q

What are the challenges of the Finnish transport network?

A
  • Long distances
  • Sparsely populated country (малонаселенная страна)
  • Many lakes
  • Cost of maintaining the transport network.
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20
Q

What is Finnish transport agency and what are its duties?

A

Agency in ministry of transport and communications. The Finnish Transport Agency’s domain comprises the entire transport system and all modes of transport, except for aviation. The Agency’s duty is to ensure that Finland has an effective, safe, energy-efficient and environmentally friendly transport system.

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21
Q

Mobility as a service? Why?

A 
Possibility to buy different types of transportation with single price. Possible to tailor it for different needs and you only pay for what you use.
 Advantages in a nutshell
- More time
- Less pollution
- More room for life
- Less trouble (insurance, repairment)
- More freedom
- High quality commuting
- Less unnecessary traveling
22
Q

What does World Trade Organization (WTO) do?

A

• Ensuring that trade flows as smoothly, predictably, and freely as possible
• A trade negotiation forum between member states (164)
o To reduce the obstacles limiting international trade and to help producers of goods and services to conduct their business outside home country.
o To agree on the rules for reducing trade-distorting support
o To lay down the global rules of trade
• To secure the rights of the member states
• Covers approximately 98% of the world’s trade

23
Q

What does the World Customs Organization do (WCO)?

A

WCO – an independent intergovernmental body.
• Stimulating the growth of legitimate international trade, fighting against fraudulent activities
• Enhance the protection of society and the national territory
• To secure and facilitate international trade
• A forum for a dialogue and exchange of experience
• Supporting its members in modernization and enhancing capacity of their national Customs administrations.

24
Q

Main challenges of customs and tools used to tackle these?

A
  1. Smooth flow of trade
  2. Necessary controls
  3. Guarantee safety and security for community
    Tools:
    • Modern customs procedures, E-communication (paperless)
    • Control methods
    • Union Customs Code
    • EU-Wide IT systems
25
Q

3 types of EU trade agreement:3 types of EU trade agreement:

A
  • Customs Unions (eliminate customs duties, joint tariffs to foreign import)
  • Association Agreement, free trade agreement, economic partnership agreement
    o Remove or reduce tariff in bilateral trade
  • Partnership & Coop agreement
    o Framework for bilat econ relations, leave tariffs as they are
26
Q

What are the current goals of Customs?

A
  • Easy, quick and inexpensive transaction services
  • The development of operational models of enforcement for added impact
  • Mobile work
  • Systemizing the cooperation between authorities
  • Analytics for the support of operation management
  • Competitiveness as an employer
  • Ensuring the capability and competency
  • Developing the processes, organization, management
  • Ensuring high level of availability
27
Q

What is the benefits from a web service (SOAP XML) based system integration compared to the traditional one used between Finnlines and its customers?

A
  1. No delays
  2. Full control
  3. Transparency
  4. Easy to Use
28
Q

What is the basic definition of Yield Management?

A

The action taken to maximize profit by understanding and influencing consumer behaviour. Yield management can only be applied for resources that are fixed and perishable, which means that their count cannot be altered, and they cannot be stored for later use.
Maximizing yield happens through pricing, inventory management and selling strategy. A good example of a yield management application is a hotel that wants to reserve a maximum number of rooms to higher-paying, less price-sensitive business customers while making sure that none of the rooms end up being empty at the time of accommodation.

29
Q

Maximize revenue:

A
  1. Pricing strategy
  2. Inventory management
  3. Selling Strategy
30
Q

The four “rights” of yield management:

A
  • Selling the right product
  • To the right customer
  • At the right time
  • For the right price
31
Q

What are application areas of yield management?

A
  • Traditional areas: air industry, hotel industry, car rental, rail, tour operators, cargo, cruise.
  • Non-traditional: energy, broadcast, healthcare, manufacturing, apparel, restaurants, golf etc.
32
Q

What are the reasons behind different prices?

A

Economies of scale, high-value demand pays for high-cost seats and vice versa. Both groups benefit from sharing fixed costs.

33
Q

Where and why firms practice yield management (5 characteristics)?

A
  • It is expensive or impossible to store excess resource
  • Commitments need to be made when future demand is uncertain
  • The firm can differentiate among customer segments, and each segment has a different demand curve
  • The same unit of capacity can be used to deliver many different products or services
  • Producers are profit-oriented and have broad freedom of actions, meaning that they do not suffer from consequences of customer segmentation
34
Q

What is booking limit in yield management?

A

Booking limit is the maximum number of product / service that may be sold at the discount price.

35
Q

What is protection level in yield management?

A

Protection level is the number of products / service we will not sell to first segment of customers because of the possibility that second segment might book / buy later in time for bigger price.

36
Q

Formula for calculating protection level F(Q) (critical ratio)

A

Given that we have a Q number of rooms/seats/etc. reserved to low-fare customer and a Q+1:th customer wants to book, we want to calculate the expected value of that unit being sold to a high-fare customer. This is done by multiplying the high-fare price by it’s the respective probability that it will actually be sold. If the expected value is greater than the low-fare price, it is not worth it to sell the unit at a lower price.

37
Q

Describe overbooking + optimal level calculation

A

For example, in an airline flight, there is a possibility that a certain number of customer will not show up to the flight, leaving their seats unused. This creates a loss to the airline company due to opportunity cost of not being able to sell the seats again to customers. The only way of benefiting from absent customers is to predict their share from the total number of customers, and by using that calculation, selling “too many” tickets to the flight, or overbooking. Thus, in an optimal solution the actual amount of absent customers matches up with the amount of overbooked seats, and the plane leaves with every seat in use.
The risk is that the airline company has to turn down some customers in an event where there is too much customers showing up to the gate, leading to the company having to turn down some customers.
Calculation: given B as the price of a ticket and C as the net cost of having to “bump” or turn down a passenger, we can use the formula of critical ratio B / (B + C) to get a value that we can use to estimate the number of ticket to overbook, using for example a normal distribution of customers who book a flight but never show up.

38
Q

Which megatrends will have an impact on Logistics and transportation?

A
  • Digitization of logistics: AI/ML, autonomous driving
  • Cost Pressures due to geo-political instability, de-globalization and sustainability requirements
  • New technology firms are entering the industry at rapid pace
  • Socio-economic factors create increasing demand from customers
39
Q

What is the digitalization of Transport Documents and how can it be achieved?

A
  • Transport Documents are interchanged digitally and automated between players in the supply chain
  • Lowers the operational and administrative complexity, increases supply chain efficiency
  • common transport documentation, data standards and exchange have to be established
  • Message structures need to be harmonized to a common standard
40
Q

What are potential benefits from utilizing logistics data?

A
  • Better cooperation between supply chain actors due to:
  • Better supply chain visibility
  • Realt-time management of traffic and cargo flows
  • Simplification of administrative burden
  • Improved utilization of logistics resources and assets while improving operational efficiency and decreasing cost
41
Q

What are the key problems preventing industries from fully utilizing digitalization of transport documents?

A

To leverage benefits electronic data should flow seamlessly through supply chains. Standardization of Data models and harmonization of digital data exchange is key! Even though standards have been established and technology has been developed, integration is advancing at slow pace because:
• People do not trust each other
• Logistic information Systems need to be changed, little incentive to do so
• Benefit sharing in the supply chain (benefit not primarily for the one introducing new system)

42
Q

Describe the DBE core concept

A

From their website: The Digital Business Ecosystem is an open development platform that aims to create new value by integrating supply chain processes and data. DBE brings an easy solution for digital information exchange. The goal is to get all of our stakeholders to move towards standardised integration of business transactions and collaboration processes. We started with the Finnish process industry, and we’re aiming to grow the ecosystem across industries globally. DBE Core enables the integration of business processes by the aid of API integration. It can be widely used in the areas of sales, sourcing, procurement, logistics and transaction based financing.

43
Q

What do increased activities in urban logistics imply for cities and how do they affect the livability?

A

• Growing number of trucks in the urban areas imply more congestion, pollution and noise, also increased energy consumption and impacts on development of Local Retail. These factors have an impact on traffic safety, quality of life and urban economic competitiveness.

44
Q

How can last mile distribution be improved such that the negative impacts are improved?

A

On the one hand, Improvement in Vehicles, e.g. Using alternative fuels as hybrids and electrical, or even change the type of vehicle, e.g. cargocycles and autonomous vehicles. On the Other hand, improvements in supply chain logistics. On a strategical level, network design can be adapted so that distances traveled are lower. On a tactical level, equipment and infrastructure management can be improved (vehicle capacity), so that less vehicles are required. And on an operational level, using policies and information systems the delivery efficiency can be increased (higher vehicle filling ratio, less distance travelled).

45
Q

Name some strategies for improving the last mile distribution in urban areas and evaluate their advantages and disadvantages.

A

• Urban Consolidation Centers: UCC (Urban Consolidation Centers) allow to bundle freight and carry out a more efficient last-mile distribution for a specific area. Large trucks are replaced by alternative vehicles, improving the environmental conditions.
o + Public sector is satisfied
o – Difficult to carry out without public grants
o – More expensive deliveries for private sector
• OHD (Off-hour distribution) allows to reduce peak time deliveries improving the efficiency on freight distribution operations within cities. Simpler schemes and routes are possible. Special interest for supermarkets and big businesses.
o + Efficient logistics
o + Better working conditions
o – Noise Problems
• Logistic operators create pick-up point networks in order to avoid door to door distribution but offering shipments close to the desired addresses. The delivery process is finished at the first try avoiding multiple trips.
o + avoids multiple trips, delivery finished at first try

46
Q

Give some examples on future innovations and how they may contribute to improve last mile logistics?

A
  • Electric Vehicles: Less noise, pollution. Repetitive routes, so it might work for electric vehicles. But public sector is needed, benefits are basically for citizens
  • Cargocycles: Less vehicles, so less noise, pollution, congestion. Alternative to deal with strong restrictions in complex urban areas. Point-to-point parcel delivery.
  • Shared Economy / Crowdsourcing: Less vehicles, so less noise, pollution and congestion. Low investment requirements, less vehicles, but problems with legal and liability concerns
  • Autonomous Transportation Vehicles: Smaller vehicles, not interfering with traffic (drones)
  • 3D Printing: pretty ambitious, completely cuts the delivery of products
47
Q

Identify the entities of PCN (5):

A
  1. Process chain: a sequence of steps with an identifiable purpose
  2. Process entity: an entity that participates in the process chain
  3. Value: the satisfaction of process entity needs
  4. Specific beneficiary: an entity that participates to have need met by specific competencies in the process chain
  5. Generic beneficiary: an entity that participates to acquire generic resources (money) to meet needs from other process chains
48
Q

Describe the processes and domains of PCN (5):

A
  1. Process domain: portion of the process chain that falls under an entity’s control and responsibility
  2. Process regions: areas of a process domain for steps of a particular type
  3. Direct interaction: steps involving person-to-person interaction between entities
  4. Surrogate interaction: steps involving interaction with non-human resources of another entity (e.g. technology or information)
  5. Independent processing: steps that are processed independent from other entities in the process chain network
49
Q

Identify the five regions of managing the value proposition in a service setting (5):

A
  1. Internal operations (independent processing): efficiency, engineered specifications
  2. The back-office (surrogate interaction): quick & accurate response to customer requirements
  3. Personal interactions (direct interaction): empathy, understanding of customer needs
  4. Self-service (surrogate interaction): robustness, clear customer roles
  5. DYI (independent processing): match between customer capabilities and resource features
50
Q

Independent vs. interactive processing:

A

Independent processing: use of inventory, high resource utilization, Activity Based Costing, advertising
Interactive processing: queues, low resource utilization, Inactivity Based Costing, experimental marketing

51
Q

Identify the three methods of measuring and assuring quality (3):

A
  1. Customer failure prevention
  2. Service recovery
  3. Dealing with problem customers
52
Q

Process complexity vs. process divergence (4):

A
  1. Low complexity, low divergence: serving drinks
  2. Low complexity, high divergence: responding to a flight system malfunction
  3. High complexity, low divergence: building aircraft
  4. High complexity, high divergence: designing an aircraft

Logistics (1 decks)

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