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1
Q

WHO definition of addiction

A

Drug dependence is specified by the occurrence of

withdrawal symptoms = abstinence syndrome

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2
Q

Features of addiction/dependence

A

ž-Tolerance
—Need for increasing doses of substances to produce desired effect ž
-Withdrawal
—Unpleasant and sometimes dangerous symptoms occurring with drug stopping or cutting back
○Rebound effect: withdrawal symptoms are opposite the drug
effect

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3
Q
  1. What are some of the common ways drugs are categorized?
A

Two main classifications:
-—Scheduling —(Current schedule system has 5 schedules)
-Behavioral effects
Classified by effects on behavior and/or central nervous system (—Depressants —Stimulants —Narcotics/Analgesics —Psychedelics)

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4
Q
  1. What are the stated criteria used to evaluate drugs for scheduling under the Controlled Substance Act?
A

Current schedule system has 5 schedules based on:

—Safety , Medical use and —Abuse potential

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5
Q
  1. How do neurons communicate?
A

Neurons communicate with each other via electrical events called ‘action potentials’ and chemical neurotransmitters.
Neurons are connected to each other through synapses, sites where signals are transmitted in the form of chemical messengers (synapse- site of neurotransmission)

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6
Q
  1. What is the difference between ionotropic and metabotropic receptors?
A

METABOTROPIC
slower, longer lasting
 Work through a “second messenger”

IONOTROPIC  
Work rapidly.
Involved in “fast” NT
 Ion channels open when NT occupies
○ Sodium
○ Potassium
 ○ Chloride
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7
Q

Dopamine functionality and diseases

A

It is implicated in movement control, attention, and learning.
involved in the “reward system of the brain.”
Parkinson’s Disease
Dopamine excess may be involved in
Schizophrenia

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8
Q

norepinephrine functionality

A
  • releases adrenaline
  • Alertness and Vigilance
  • involved in depression, arousal, hunger, attention and reward
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9
Q

serotonin functionality

A
  • regulates motor behavior and mood,
  • sedation or relaxation
  • eating, sleep and arousal.
  • can regulate pain.
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10
Q

endorphins functionality

A

-experience of pain
 Controls breathing and heart rate, cough reflex, nausea and vomiting
 Involved in feelings of euphoria and reward
 Olfaction
 Endocrine functions (eating, temp control)

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11
Q

Gaba functionality

A

all over brain

-relaxation/anti-anxiety

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12
Q

glutamate functionality

A

The “workhorse” of the neurotransmitters
involved in everything, but especially
important in the formation of memories. 
Can be highly toxic when out of control

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13
Q

Describe the major divisions of the human nervous system.

A

-Peripheral nervous system
1.Somatic Branch of PNS Controls voluntary muscles and movement
2. Autonomic Branch of the PNS
Sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the ANS
Regulates cardiovascular system & body temperature
-Central nervous system
1.the BRAIN and the SPINAL CHORD
2.The BRAIN is subdivided
into  Subcortical
 Cortical

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14
Q

3 parts of the brain and function of each

A

Hindbrain: basic functions like breathing & balance
Midbrain :Coordinates movement with
sensory input
Forebrain: Location of most sensory, emotional, and cognitive processing

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15
Q

the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex and identify the major functions of each

A

Frontal – Thinking and reasoning abilities, memory, executive function
 Parietal – Touch recognition
 Occipital – Integrates visual input
 Temporal – Recognition of sights and sounds and long- term memory storage

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16
Q
  1. Compare Effective Dose and Lethal Dose levels and describe how they are related to a drug’s Therapeutic Index.
A

Effective Dose (ED)
 Dose level for chosen effect in % of population
ED50, dose in which drug is effective for 50% of population
Lethal Dose (LD)
 Dose level for death in
% of population
LD50 = lethal dose for 50% of the population

LD50/ED50 ‐ Serves as margin of drug’s safety

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17
Q
  1. What are the three stages of addiction according to the psychiatric model of addiction?
A
  1. a compulsion to seek and take a drug
  2. loss of control in limiting intake
  3. emergence of a negative emotional state when access to drug is prevented
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18
Q
  1. How does the diagnosis of Substance Use Disorder in DSM-5 differ from the diagnosis of Substance Abuse and Substance Dependence from DSM-IV?
A

the addition of the phrase “craving” as criteria in the DSM 5
DSM 5 combined dependence and abuse sections and did not make them separate like the DSM IV did

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19
Q
  1. How do the Dual-systems, Triadic, and Imbalance models of adolescent brain development differ?
A

Dual System Model
Self-control results from a balance between two systems:
“Hot” system – emotionally driven
“Cool” system – emotionally neutral, strategic, logical

Triadic Model
Break the hot system into 2 subsystems to help explain adolescent behavior
Reward System – driven by ventral striatum and DA
Avoidance System – driven by the amygdala
Regulatory System

Imbalance Model
Reject the oversimplified versions of single or dual systems driving behavior
Employ “network” or “circuit” interpretations

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20
Q

Describe the changes that take place in white matter during adolescence.

A

Increase in white matter = myelination

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21
Q
  1. Describe the changes that take place in grey matter during adolescence.
A

Decrease in grey matter = synaptic pruning

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22
Q

Forming the _____ is a critical and sensitive developmental process
Introduction of pathogens or drugs during this period can result in _______ and long term brain deficits

A

neural tube; birth defects

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23
Q

Proliferation

A

Neural tube closes and stem cells begin specializing into neurons

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24
Q

Neural tube closes and stem cells begin specializing into neurons

A

Proliferation

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25
Q

Migration

A

Cells migrate up the neural tube and begin forming the structures of the brain

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26
Q

Cells migrate up the neural tube and begin forming the structures of the brain

A

Migration

27
Q

Cells change from stem cells into specific types of neurons when they reach their destination

A

Differentiation

28
Q

Differentiation

A

Cells change from stem cells into specific types of neurons when they reach their destination

29
Q

Synaptogenesis

A

Formation of synapses following proteins and chemical signals to make connections among brain regions

30
Q

Formation of synapses following proteins and chemical signals to make connections among brain regions

A

Synaptogenesis

31
Q

Critical period

A

Time-limited windows of opportunity during development

32
Q

Time-limited windows of opportunity during development

A

Critical period

33
Q

developmental windows in which the brain is more receptive to certain stimuli
Not as time-limited as critical periods, and not as dramatic for “normal” developmental milestones

A

Sensitive period

34
Q

Sensitive period

A

developmental windows in which the brain is more receptive to certain stimuli

35
Q

Grey matter

A

– made up of cell bodies

36
Q

White matter

A

– made up primarily of axons

37
Q

– made up primarily of axons

A

White matter

38
Q

– made up of cell bodies

A

Grey matter

39
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

Changes in neuronal structure and function due to experience: learning, injury, substance

40
Q

Changes in neuronal structure and function due to experience:

A

Neuroplasticity

41
Q

2 mechanisms of neuroplasricity

A
  1. Changes at the synapse

2. Neurogenesis

42
Q

self-control

A

The ability to suppress inappropriate emotions, desires, and actions in favor of more appropriate or ADAPTIVE alternatives

Adolescents exhibit diminished self-control (e.g., inhibition of inappropriate emotions, desires, and actions)

43
Q

The ability to suppress inappropriate emotions, desires, and actions in favor of more appropriate or ADAPTIVE alternatives

A

self-control

44
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

Sex differences in research

45
Q

Sex differences in research

A

Sexual dimorphism

46
Q

 Explains the processes involved in administration, absorption, distribution, transformation, and elimination a drug

A

Pharmacokinetics

47
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

 Explains the processes involved in administration, absorption, distribution, transformation, and elimination a drug

48
Q

 Explains the nature of physiological and biochemical interactions between a drug and the target tissue responsible for the drug effect

A

Pharmacodynamics

49
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

 Explains the nature of physiological and biochemical interactions between a drug and the target tissue responsible for the drug effect

50
Q

Moving from the site of administration to the bloodstream

A

Absorption

51
Q

Absorption

A

Moving from the site of administration to the bloodstream

52
Q

One drug inhibits the effect of another drug

A

Antagonism

53
Q

Antagonism

A

One drug inhibits the effect of another drug

54
Q

What does the blood-brain barrier do?

A

The brain barrier limits drug access to brain

55
Q

Refers to a drug’s ability to reach a wide range of tissues
Highly lipid soluble = greater distribution and
effect.

A

Distribution

56
Q

Distribution

A

Refers to a drug’s ability to reach a wide range of tissues
Highly lipid soluble = greater distribution and
effect.

57
Q

Routes of Administration

A 
 Oral
 Subcutaneous (SC)
 Intramuscular (IM)
 Intravenous (IV)
 Inhalation
 Sublingual
 Transdermal (topical)
58
Q

Drug Metabolization

A

Drug Metabolization – Mainly in LIVER
Enzymes break down drugs into metabolites
Metabolization occurs in an ordered
manner (half-life)

59
Q

The amount of time it takes for drug plasma level to be reduced by half (drug metabolization)

A

Half‐life

60
Q

Half-life

A

The amount of time it takes for drug plasma level to be reduced by half (drug metabolization)

61
Q

______ break down drugs into metabolites
 Drugs that use the same ______ interact
(drug metabolization)

A

Enzymes

62
Q

Agonist

A

Increases NT for a transmitter system

63
Q

Antagonist

A

Decreases NT for a transmitter system

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