exam Flashcards
WHO definition of addiction
Drug dependence is specified by the occurrence of
withdrawal symptoms = abstinence syndrome
Features of addiction/dependence
-Tolerance
Need for increasing doses of substances to produce desired effect
-Withdrawal
Unpleasant and sometimes dangerous symptoms occurring with drug stopping or cutting back
○Rebound effect: withdrawal symptoms are opposite the drug
effect
- What are some of the common ways drugs are categorized?
Two main classifications:
-Scheduling (Current schedule system has 5 schedules)
-Behavioral effects
Classified by effects on behavior and/or central nervous system (Depressants Stimulants Narcotics/Analgesics Psychedelics)
- What are the stated criteria used to evaluate drugs for scheduling under the Controlled Substance Act?
Current schedule system has 5 schedules based on:
Safety , Medical use and Abuse potential
- How do neurons communicate?
Neurons communicate with each other via electrical events called ‘action potentials’ and chemical neurotransmitters.
Neurons are connected to each other through synapses, sites where signals are transmitted in the form of chemical messengers (synapse- site of neurotransmission)
- What is the difference between ionotropic and metabotropic receptors?
METABOTROPIC
slower, longer lasting
Work through a “second messenger”
IONOTROPIC Work rapidly. Involved in “fast” NT Ion channels open when NT occupies ○ Sodium ○ Potassium ○ Chloride
Dopamine functionality and diseases
It is implicated in movement control, attention, and learning.
involved in the “reward system of the brain.”
Parkinson’s Disease
Dopamine excess may be involved in
Schizophrenia
norepinephrine functionality
- releases adrenaline
- Alertness and Vigilance
- involved in depression, arousal, hunger, attention and reward
serotonin functionality
- regulates motor behavior and mood,
- sedation or relaxation
- eating, sleep and arousal.
- can regulate pain.
endorphins functionality
-experience of pain
Controls breathing and heart rate, cough reflex, nausea and vomiting
Involved in feelings of euphoria and reward
Olfaction
Endocrine functions (eating, temp control)
Gaba functionality
all over brain
-relaxation/anti-anxiety
glutamate functionality
The “workhorse” of the neurotransmitters
involved in everything, but especially
important in the formation of memories.
Can be highly toxic when out of control
Describe the major divisions of the human nervous system.
-Peripheral nervous system
1.Somatic Branch of PNS Controls voluntary muscles and movement
2. Autonomic Branch of the PNS
Sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the ANS
Regulates cardiovascular system & body temperature
-Central nervous system
1.the BRAIN and the SPINAL CHORD
2.The BRAIN is subdivided
into Subcortical
Cortical
3 parts of the brain and function of each
Hindbrain: basic functions like breathing & balance
Midbrain :Coordinates movement with
sensory input
Forebrain: Location of most sensory, emotional, and cognitive processing
the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex and identify the major functions of each
Frontal – Thinking and reasoning abilities, memory, executive function
Parietal – Touch recognition
Occipital – Integrates visual input
Temporal – Recognition of sights and sounds and long- term memory storage
- Compare Effective Dose and Lethal Dose levels and describe how they are related to a drug’s Therapeutic Index.
Effective Dose (ED)
Dose level for chosen effect in % of population
ED50, dose in which drug is effective for 50% of population
Lethal Dose (LD)
Dose level for death in
% of population
LD50 = lethal dose for 50% of the population
LD50/ED50 ‐ Serves as margin of drug’s safety
- What are the three stages of addiction according to the psychiatric model of addiction?
- a compulsion to seek and take a drug
- loss of control in limiting intake
- emergence of a negative emotional state when access to drug is prevented
- How does the diagnosis of Substance Use Disorder in DSM-5 differ from the diagnosis of Substance Abuse and Substance Dependence from DSM-IV?
the addition of the phrase “craving” as criteria in the DSM 5
DSM 5 combined dependence and abuse sections and did not make them separate like the DSM IV did
- How do the Dual-systems, Triadic, and Imbalance models of adolescent brain development differ?
Dual System Model
Self-control results from a balance between two systems:
“Hot” system – emotionally driven
“Cool” system – emotionally neutral, strategic, logical
Triadic Model
Break the hot system into 2 subsystems to help explain adolescent behavior
Reward System – driven by ventral striatum and DA
Avoidance System – driven by the amygdala
Regulatory System
Imbalance Model
Reject the oversimplified versions of single or dual systems driving behavior
Employ “network” or “circuit” interpretations
Describe the changes that take place in white matter during adolescence.
Increase in white matter = myelination
- Describe the changes that take place in grey matter during adolescence.
Decrease in grey matter = synaptic pruning
Forming the _____ is a critical and sensitive developmental process
Introduction of pathogens or drugs during this period can result in _______ and long term brain deficits
neural tube; birth defects
Proliferation
Neural tube closes and stem cells begin specializing into neurons
Neural tube closes and stem cells begin specializing into neurons
Proliferation
Migration
Cells migrate up the neural tube and begin forming the structures of the brain
Cells migrate up the neural tube and begin forming the structures of the brain
Migration
Cells change from stem cells into specific types of neurons when they reach their destination
Differentiation
Differentiation
Cells change from stem cells into specific types of neurons when they reach their destination
Synaptogenesis
Formation of synapses following proteins and chemical signals to make connections among brain regions
Formation of synapses following proteins and chemical signals to make connections among brain regions
Synaptogenesis
Critical period
Time-limited windows of opportunity during development
Time-limited windows of opportunity during development
Critical period
developmental windows in which the brain is more receptive to certain stimuli
Not as time-limited as critical periods, and not as dramatic for “normal” developmental milestones
Sensitive period
Sensitive period
developmental windows in which the brain is more receptive to certain stimuli
Grey matter
– made up of cell bodies
White matter
– made up primarily of axons
– made up primarily of axons
White matter
– made up of cell bodies
Grey matter
Neuroplasticity
Changes in neuronal structure and function due to experience: learning, injury, substance
Changes in neuronal structure and function due to experience:
Neuroplasticity
2 mechanisms of neuroplasricity
- Changes at the synapse
2. Neurogenesis
self-control
The ability to suppress inappropriate emotions, desires, and actions in favor of more appropriate or ADAPTIVE alternatives
Adolescents exhibit diminished self-control (e.g., inhibition of inappropriate emotions, desires, and actions)
The ability to suppress inappropriate emotions, desires, and actions in favor of more appropriate or ADAPTIVE alternatives
self-control
Sexual dimorphism
Sex differences in research
Sex differences in research
Sexual dimorphism
Explains the processes involved in administration, absorption, distribution, transformation, and elimination a drug
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetics
Explains the processes involved in administration, absorption, distribution, transformation, and elimination a drug
Explains the nature of physiological and biochemical interactions between a drug and the target tissue responsible for the drug effect
Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacodynamics
Explains the nature of physiological and biochemical interactions between a drug and the target tissue responsible for the drug effect
Moving from the site of administration to the bloodstream
Absorption
Absorption
Moving from the site of administration to the bloodstream
One drug inhibits the effect of another drug
Antagonism
Antagonism
One drug inhibits the effect of another drug
What does the blood-brain barrier do?
The brain barrier limits drug access to brain
Refers to a drug’s ability to reach a wide range of tissues
Highly lipid soluble = greater distribution and
effect.
Distribution
Distribution
Refers to a drug’s ability to reach a wide range of tissues
Highly lipid soluble = greater distribution and
effect.
Routes of Administration
Oral Subcutaneous (SC) Intramuscular (IM) Intravenous (IV) Inhalation Sublingual Transdermal (topical)
Drug Metabolization
Drug Metabolization – Mainly in LIVER
Enzymes break down drugs into metabolites
Metabolization occurs in an ordered
manner (half-life)
The amount of time it takes for drug plasma level to be reduced by half (drug metabolization)
Half‐life
Half-life
The amount of time it takes for drug plasma level to be reduced by half (drug metabolization)
______ break down drugs into metabolites
Drugs that use the same ______ interact
(drug metabolization)
Enzymes
Agonist
Increases NT for a transmitter system
Antagonist
Decreases NT for a transmitter system
