Exam

Question 1

Group 1 - Wine

Answer 1

• הזן העיקרי של גפן היין הוא וויטיס ויניפרה

* תהליך ייצור היין בן 10 שלבים (שלבי תסיסה מאלו-לקטית, הצללה והתיישנות)

Question 2

Group 2 - Nicotine Patches (מדבקות ניקוטין)

Answer 2

• Smoking causes high morbidity and heart diseases
• Dopamine and Glutamate play an important role in the addiction to cigarettes
(תאלואה = morbidity; התמכרות = addition)
• Cigarette smoke contains carcinogens (חומרים מסרטנים) and chemicals.
• Absorption of the active ingredient through the skin directly from the tobacco leaves

Question 3

קבוצה 3 – AJOVY

Answer 3

migraןne ; Ab anti CGRP

• migraine is the third most common illness in the world
• migrane is a result of extrasensitivity to CGRP, which is a peptide that causes the expansion of blood vessels
• an Ab against CGRP lowers the amount of migraine days

Question 4

קבוצה 4 – Integra -

Answer 4

Burns - Integra (dermal regeneration template)

• Burns
• lack of available skin, low efficiency of existing implants - need to find a replacement for the skin
• Collagen and GAGs - essential in restoring skin tissue with severe burns.
• Unlike dermis, neodermis does not contain hair follicles and sweat glands.
• *Neodermis: A layer of new skin formed after a wound.
• *Integra is Integra® Dermal Regeneration Template, available in Meshed and Non-Meshed configurations (Integra® Template) is a bilayer membrane system for skin replacement. The dermal replacement layer is made of a porous matrix of fibers of cross-linked bovine tendon collagen and glycosaminoglycan (chondroitin-6-sulfate) that is manufactured with a controlled porosity and defined degradation rate. The epidermal substitute layer is made of thin polysiloxane (silicone) layer to control moisture loss from the wound.

Question 5

קבוצה 5 – SAXENDA

Answer 5

obesity - weight loss - liraglutide - GLP-1 (insuline release control)

• Obesity is a rapidly spreading global epidemic, complications, endangering health.
• GLP-1 affects insulin release from the pancreas, and controls food intake in the brain.
• The active ingredient in Liraglutide, which is similar to 97% for human GLP-1, undergoes changes, and its stability and half-life are increased - solution for the treatment of obesity.
• Novo Nordisk (global healthcare company - in diabetes care.)
• *Successful weight loss with GLP-1 agonists. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), a naturally occurring incretin, is released subsequent to food intake and stimulates the secretion of insulin, inhibits the release of glucagon, delays gastric emptying, and decreases food intake through increased satiety.
• *Liraglutide (NN2211) is a derivative of a human incretin (metabolic hormone), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)
• *Saxenda® is a prescription medicine that may help some adults lose weight along with reduced-calorie diet and increased physical activity.

Question 6

קבוצה 6– Avastin

Answer 6

Colon cancer - drug against angiogenesis

• In 2018 colon cancer cases evaluated is about 1.8 million
Angiogenesis is a process that occurs in healthy people and differently in cancer patients
• The drug improves the effect of chemotherapy, but further studies are needed to examine overall survival
• The drug against angiogenesis in cancer is one of the reasons for Roche’s acquisition of Genentech

Question 7

קבוצה 7 – Botox

Answer 7

natural (dangerous) toxin - quick cosmetic procedure

• This is the most dangerous toxin in nature
• The treatment process is quick and almost immediate
• This is the most common cosmetic procedure
• Most of the profits are cosmetic, not medical

Question 8

קבוצה 8 – ARTIMISININ

Answer 8

Malaria - plasmidium transmitted through mosquito - drug found by Chinese (בצמח הלענה החד שנתית). - not enough source of the drug - Expensive - combined with other drugs

• Malaria - most prevalent in Africa, spread by female mosquito (passes parasite to people).
The malaria parasite (plasmidium) enters the liver first and then into red blood cells and explodes them.
• The malaria drug was devoured by the Chinese scientist Tu Youyou in the use of the annual wormwood plant.
• Due to lack of material from which the drug is produced, it has been combined with other drugs, leading to an increase in the price of the drug against malaria.

Question 9

קבוצה 9 – Eylea

Answer 9

AMD - eye problems - Ab anti VEGF-A - vascularization

• AMD is most common in older people (60 and older), with other factors such as family history, smoking, and obesity aside from age.
• AMD can appear in both eyes independently of each other.
• Increased VEGF-A increases the chances of developing the wet form of the disease.
• Modern AMD treatment includes a protein that is attached to an antibody that eliminates VEGF-A activity in the area where the drug is secreted.

Question 10

קבוצה 10 – Collplant

Answer 10

transgenic tobacco - expression of collagen

• Collagen has many uses ranging from the food industry to the health systems
• Collagen is the most common protein in the human body and is a significant building block in all body tissues
• Tobacco is an applied platform with a potential for the expression of recombinant human collagen
• The various technologies developed by the Company are marketed in Europe and on their way to approval in the USA

Question 11

קבוצה 11 – Melatonin

Answer 11

melatonin hormone - secreted by pineal gland - sleep disorders

• The hormone works directly on the brain for sleeping, but also for controlling the biological cycle of various factors that vary between day and night.
• It is a hormone whose secretion is controlled by the biological clock from the pineal gland at night and takes part in many physiological processes in the body.
• In order for the treatment to be effective, the method, dose and time of administration must be compatible with the sleep disorder.
• The world’s hormone-containing pharmaceutical market is generating about $ 900 million a year and is expected to continue to grow from year to year because of the growing worldwide awareness of sleep problems and their effects on our lives.

Question 12

קבוצה 12 – Day 2

Answer 12

2 days a week diet - scientifically based

• Obesity and diabetes are diseases in which microbial compounds contribute to their development
• The blood glucose response to the same food can be different for different people
• A personalized diet is more effective than a universal general diet
• Unlike other diets in the unregulated market, the diet in question is based on scientific research and puts consumer health at the top of its mind

Question 13

קבוצה 13 – Humalog

Answer 13

insulin analog drug - made from recombinant DNA

• The main goal in the treatment of diabetes is to prevent complications of the disease
• The first human insulin is created by recombinant DNA
• Insulin in the body is produced in beta cells in the pancreas
• As of 2017, Eli Lilly was ranked fourth in the world in the sale of diabetes products

Question 14

קבוצה 14 – CAR T

Answer 14

non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and leukemia - CAR T (Chimeric Antigen receptor T) - Yescarta (immunotherapy technique) - treating B-cell lymphoma

• In 2018, about 1 million new cases of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and leukemia worldwide
• Yescarta therapy - technique in immunotherapy that uses the natural ability of T cells to destroy cells, to destroy cancer cells with a particular epitope that is not necessarily displayed on the MHC molecule
• In clinical trials, the drug Yescarta has been shown to be very successful in treating B-cell lymphoma with an objective response rate of over 80% and a complete response of nearly 60%
• There has been a significant increase in the value of the Kite Pharma share, from the first offering until the sale, due to the breakthrough technological potential, despite the high expenses

Question 15

קבוצה 15 – PRALUENT

Answer 15

high cholesterol - for patients that don’t respond to diet control (genetic factors)
- Ab anti PCSK9 protein, thereby preventing LDL-R degradation, which helps lower the amount of cholesterol in the blood.

• High cholesterol is not just caused by food, it can also be caused by a genetic problem, and because there are no symptoms, identification is important.
• The antibody binds to the PCSK9 protein, thereby preventing LDL-R degradation, which helps lower the amount of cholesterol in the blood.

Question 16

קבוצה 16 - Rituximab

Answer 16

Rheumatoid arthritis (דלקת מפרקים שיגרונית) - autoimmune disease - affects the synovial membrane in the joints (מפרקים). - Ab anti target molecule in B cells

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that affects the synovial membrane in the joints.
• An antibody against a target molecule on B cells is a biological treatment for rheumatoid arthritis.

Question 17

קבוצה 17 – Solexa

Answer 17

Solexa = illumina sequencing - flow cell

• The use of flow cell for parallel sequencing (The flow cell is a glass slide containing small fluidic channels, through which polymerases, …)
• The NGS method caused prices to fall by one hundred orders of magnitude within three years.

Question 18

קבוצה 18 – Medical cannabis

Answer 18

Epilepsy - seizures - CBD oil

Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological diseases in the world, and seizures are the main symptom that sometimes cause death.
Epileptic seizures are characterized by increased electrical activity in the brain.
• cbd oil has a very effective effect on epilepsy and reduces the rate of epileptic seizures and is the future cure for many diseases.

Question 19

קבוצה 19 – Hemlibra

Answer 19

Hemophilia - blood clotting disorder - bi-specific Ab replacing role of factor VIII (8) in blood clot formation process.

• Hemophilia is divided into three types - A, B, C, with hemophilia A being the most common. In most cases, the disease is hereditary in relation to chromosome X.
Blood clotting is divided into two stages: primary hemostasis in which platelet aggregates form in the area of ​​injury, and secondary hemostasis in which fibrin fibers are added to form the blood clot.
• The main component of the drug for hemophilia is a bi-specific antibody designed to replace the role of factor 8 in the blood clot formation process.
• In the future, the percentage of hemophilia drugs containing antibodies will increase and the percentage of drugs containing coagulation factors will decrease.

Question 20

קבוצה 20 - In.pact Admiral DCB - Medtronic

Answer 20

Arterial obstruction - Restanosis - one-time release of paclitaxel using a balloon (treatment)

• Arterial obstruction is a widespread phenomenon with devastating consequences and catheterization is the common medical procedure for treating the problem.
• Restanosis (recurrence of stenosis, a narrowing of a blood vessel, leading to restricted blood flow) is a phenomenon that occurs in about 50% of patients who have undergone catheterization and the combination of the drug paclitaxel and urea has been found to be a suitable treatment to prevent this phenomenon.
• A quick, one-time release of paclitaxel using a balloon was found to be effective and less harmful than continuous release with a drug-coated stent.

Question 21

קבוצה 21 – Herceptin

Answer 21

hyperactivity of 2HER causes increased division of cells into cancer cells - Ab Trastuzumab (binds to 2HER receptors) - preventing growth of cancerous tumor

• A benign tumor (גידול שפיר) has a great potential to become malignant tumor.
• 2HER is found in a normal cell in small quantities, hyperactivity of 2HER causes increased division of cells into cancer cells.
• The antibody Trastuzumab is a monoclonal antibody that can bind to 2HER receptors, thus preventing the growth of the cancerous tumor.

Question 22

קבוצה 22 - ELELYSO

Answer 22

gaucher disease (genetic) - damage of lysosomal enzyme - accumulation of substrate (glucosilceride) - plant based recombinant enzyme production

• Gaucher disease is a rare genetic disease inherited in autosomal recessive inheritance, but common among Jews of Ashkenazi descent.
• The basis of the disease is genetic damage to the function of lysosomal enzyme whose function is to dissolve glucosilceride. This damage causes the accumulation of the substrate and the expression of the disease.
Protalix pioneered the use of plant-based production technology for mass production of recombinant enzymes

Question 23

קבוצה 23 – Copaxone

Answer 23

treatment for multiple sclerosis (טרשת) - produced by Teva (caused economical problems) - synthetic protein that simulates myelin basic protein, a component of the myelin that insulates nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord

Question 24

קבוצה 24 – Priorix

Answer 24

measles (חצבת) - Priorix (vaccine used to prevent three diseases, measles, mumps and rubella)

• Measles is the most contagious infectious disease
• The immune effect relies on the acquired immune system
• The virus is weakened by its incubation in an organism that is not adapted to it
• Vaccination saves people from state economic costs in health care system

Question 25

קבוצה 25 – Entyvio

Answer 25

Crohn’s and colitis - monoclonal antibody - Blocking the α₄β₇ integrin results in gut-selective anti-inflammatory activity

(**Crohn’s disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that may affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract from mouth to anus) -

• Crohn’s and colitis - two different diseases or two pathologies for the same disease? Are expressed, diagnosed and treated in a similar manner. However, the substantive differences between them are the area of ​​the injury, the continuity of the damage and its depth.
• Blocking the link between α4β7 and its ligand MAdCAM-1 inhibits the entry of T cells into the intestinal tissue and thereby exacerbates inflammation.
• The drug is a biological drug based on a monoclonal antibody that is adapted to a specific binding region in T lymphocytes.
• Tekada is the largest pharmaceutical company in Japan in particular and in Asia in general.

Question 26

קבוצה 26 – KEDRAB

Answer 26

prophylactic Vaccine against rabies (נגיף הכלבת)

**(KedRAB™ is a HRIG (Human rabies immunoglobulin )) that is infiltrated into the inoculation site to previously unvaccinated persons to provide immediate passive rabies virus neutralising antibody protection.

• It is very important to stop the virus in the early stages, before the onset of the disease and the appearance of the signs, that once the signs appear there is no way back.
• The vaccine is intended for passive prophylaxis against rabies after exposure to suspected rabies.

Question 27

קבוצה 27 – Clear Blue

Answer 27

pregnancy tests - diagnostic kits - detection of hormone hCG - First response company

• An increase in the level of hCG in the blood or urine of a woman may indicate that the woman is pregnant
• Home tests reach an accuracy of up to 97.4% when performed correctly.
• FIRST RESPONSE is the leading company in the United States in diagnostic kits.

Question 28

הרצאה 1 איתי בנהר - Biotechnology, enzymes

Answer 28

Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary applied research designed to provide solutions to human society in many fields such as medicine, agriculture, food, and energy.

The considerations for launching a biotechnological process are not primarily scientific / academic, but are governed mainly by economic parameters.

Enzymes from natural or artificially produced sources are used to streamline processes that, in their absence, will be carried out with low to zero efficiency.

Enzymes that are not optimal in their original form can be improved and improved by “evolution” in the laboratory.

Question 29

הרצאה 2 איתי בנהר - Diagnostic tests: specificity and sensitivity

Answer 29

sensitivity of the tests be increased without waiving the specificity of the diagnosis - statistical measures

• Sensitivity - (measures the ratio of positively identified positives - probability of identification)
• Specificity - (measures the proportion of negatives correctly identified as negative - “true negative rate”)

The field of diagnostics and progress in it requires that the sensitivity of the tests be increased without waiving the specificity of the diagnosis. Two concepts define the requirements of a diagnostic instrument or kit: Sensitivity and Specificity:

Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures of the performance of a binary classification test, also known as statistics as a classification function.

Sensitivity (eg, the probability of identification in several areas) measures the ratio of positively identified positive phenomena (eg, the percentage of patients correctly identified as having the condition out of the total number of subjects actually ill).

Specificity (also known as a “true negative rate”) measures the proportion of negatives correctly identified as negative (eg, the percentage of healthy people identified correctly that does not suffer from the condition).

Question 30

הרצאה 3 איתי בנהר - cell & tissue cultures (CHO) - stem cell tissue engineering - Genome editing (engineer cells, tissues and even whole animals)

Answer 30

Cell and tissue cultures are a valuable resource and a major source of income, especially in the field of biological drugs.

Most of the currently marketed biological drugs are produced in CHO cells that originate in ovarian cells of a Chinese hamster (אוגרת סינית)

The field of stem cell tissue engineering strives to find ways to repair the organs of the patient’s body and even to replace whole organs that are defective in normal conditions.

Advances in Genome editing (especially the CRISPR / Cas9 system) offer revolutionary ways to engineer cells, tissues and even whole animals with maximum accuracy.

Question 31

הרצאה 4 איתי בנהר - antibodies, recombinant antibodies - field of targeted immunotherapy, introduction of checkpoint inhibitors - identifying new targets for therapeutic antibodies

Answer 31

Antibodies, especially recombinant antibodies, are leaders in the field of biological drugs in the scope of economic activity. The scope of their economic activity in the fields of diagnostics and research is much less.

About half of the therapeutic antibodies are used to treat cancer. Such as infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases and chronic infections.

In recent years, the field of targeted immunotherapy has undergone a change in trend with the introduction of checkpoint inhibitors.

Current challenges in the field are identifying new targets for therapeutic antibodies, as the low-hanging fruit offers less economic horizons.