EXAM Flashcards
Linear model
Answer
Interactional model
Answer
Transactional model
Answer
Traditions
Answer
Contexts
Answer
The rhetoric
Aristotle
Audience is important. Speaker should be audience-centered.
Proof = means of persuasion
- Ethos
- Logos
- Pathos
Syllogisms
- Major premise
- Minor premise
- Conclusion
Types of Rhetoric
- Forensic rhetoric (courtrooms)
- Epideictic rhetoric (ceremonial)
- Deliberative rhetoric (Political)
The three types refer to three different time periods: forensic to the past, epideictic to the present, and deliberative to the future.
Tradition:
The rhetorical tradition
Context:
Public/rhetorical
Mass/media
The narrative
Humans are storytellers.
Good story > Good argument
Alternative to the rational world paradigm
“Good reasons”
Rationality:
- Coherency (structural, material, characterological)
- Fidelity (truthfulness, liability)
Tradition:
Rhetorical
Context:
Public/rhetorical
Semiotics
Study of signs
A sign is something that stands for something else
Signified and Signifier
Signs are arbitrary
- Swastika
Positive and Negative connotations
The triadic model
- Object
- Representamen
- Interpretant (NEW)
“The sign is no sign unless it signifies something to me!”
Iconic Signs
Indexical signs
Symbolic signs
The Photographic Connotators:
- Trick effects
- Pose
- Object signs
- Photogenia
- Aestheticism
- Syntax
Tradition:
Semiotic
Context:
Mass/media
Uncertainty Reduction Theory
Reduce uncertainty between strangers engaging in their first conversation.
Prediction
Explanation
Cognitive uncertainty
Behavioural uncertainty
Entry phase
Personal phase
Exit phase
Passive strategies (observer) Active strategies (ask a third party) Interactive strategies (direct contact)
Relationships
Low-context cultures
High-context cultures
Uncertainty avoidance
Tradition:
Socio-Psychological
Context:
Intrapersonal
Interpersonal
Expectancy Violation Theory
Nonverbal behaviour
Cause arousal
Personal space
Proxemic zones
- Intimate
- Personal
- Social
- Public
Territoriality Primary Secondary Public - Prevention and reaction
Pre-interactional expectations
Interactional expectations
Threat threshold
Violation valence
Communicator reward valence
Tradition:
Socio-Phychological
Context:
Intrapersonal
Interpersonal
Groupthink
Desire for unanimity overides motivation to assess all available plans of action
Problem-solving groups
Task-oriented groups
Cohesiveness
Affiliative constraints
Homogeneity
Strucural Factors
- Group insulation
- Lack of impartial leadership
- Lack of decision-making procedures
Group stress
Internal and external
Symptoms:
- Overestimation of the Group
- Closed-mindedness
- Pressures Toward Uniformity
Ways to Prevent Groupthink
- Oversight and control
- Whisteblowing
- Objection
- Consensus and majority rule
Tradition:
Socio-Psychological
Socio-Cultural
Context:
Small group
Organizational
Organizational Culture Theory
Spiderweb
Symbols:
- Physical
- Behavioural
- Verbal
Values
Cultural Performances in Organizations:
- Ritual
- Passion
- Social
- Political
- Enculturation
Tradition:
- Socio-Cultural
Context:
Organizational
Small group
Agenda Setting Theory
Agenda setting occurs because:
- media = selective
- media = gatekeeping =>
establishes the relevant issues and images in public’s minds
2 levels of agenda setting
- agenda
- framing
Priming
Three-part process.
Media agenda, public agenda and policy agenda.
Agenda setting => identifies which issues are important
Framing => shows us how to understand them
Frames = packages of message features like organization and language choice that help simplify & provide a perspective
Tradition:
Socio-Psychological
Context:
Mass/Media
Uses and Gratification Theory
The theory holds that people actively seek out specific media and specific content to generate specific gratifications (or results).
limited effects
- Individual Differences Perspective
- Social Categories Model
Fraction of selection
Reasons for media use?
Parasocial interaction
Need types:
- Cognitive
- Affective
- Personal integrative
- Social integrative
- Tension release
Activeness
Social Situations
New media?
Tradition:
Socio-Cultural
Context:
Mass/media
Media Ecology Theory
Study of how media and communication processes affect human perception, feeling, emotion and value.
Media Ecology Theory centers on the principles that society cannot escape the influence of technology.
Global village
The medium is the message
Hot/cool media
Technopoly
Tradition:
Socio-Cultural
Critical
Context:
Mass/media
Social Media
Vilma Luoma
Social media refers to writing and broadcasting carried out by “the people formally known as the audience”
Noise
Flow of informaton has grown exponentially. Two step flow model reconsidered.
Feedback!
Agenda setting theory
Whuffie
Social actions
Clicktivism
Self-presentation
Social presence.
Tradition:
The Socio-Cultural Tradition
Context:
A mix of intra, inter, public and mass/media and cultural.
Face-Negotiation Theory
Assumes that people of various cultures are concerned with the presentation of their face.
face
- a metaphor for the public image people display
Face concern
Face need
Positive face
Negative face
Facework
- Tact
- Solidarity
- Approbation
Self-identity
Face-saving
Face-restoration
Individualism
Collectivism
Face management
Avoiding Obliging Compromising Dominating Integrating
Tradition:
Socio-Psychological
Context:
Cultural
Communication Accomodation Theory
When two people speak, they frequently mimic each other’s speech and behaviour
Language, gestures, rate, jargon, etc.
Accommodation
Social Identity Theory
- In groups
- Out groups
Perception
Evaluation
Norms
Convergence
Divergence
Overaccomodation
Indirect stereotyping
Tradition:
Socio-Psychological
Context:
Cultural
Muted Group Theory
Muted Group Theory explains that women trying to use man-made language to describe their experiences is somewhat like native English speakers learning to converse in Spanish
Does not only apply to women.
Dominant group
Muted group
Division of labour
Second shift
Silencing - inarticulate as speakers.
Strategies of resistance
Tradition:
Semiotic
Critical
Context:
Cultural
Feminist Standpoint Theory
Framework for understanding women’s positions relative to the systems of power.
The use of communication as a tool for changing the status quo and producing change.
Built on knowledge generated from the everyday lives of people.
Key concepts
- voice
- standpoint
- situated knowledge
- sexual division of labour (second shift)
Tradition:
Critical
Context:
Cultural
