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exam Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 main models of health

A

mind-body relationship
biomedical model
biopsychosocial model

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2
Q

describe the logic model of change (behaviour interventions)

A

method of behavioural change - belief - determinant - sub- behaviour - behaviour

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3
Q

what is a health behaviour

A

any activity undertaken by a person believing themselves to be healthy for the purpose of preventing disease or detecting it at an asymptomatic stage
behaviour performed by an individual, regardless of their perceived health status, with the purpose of protecting, promoting or maintaining his/ her health”

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4
Q

positive psychology - what is involved in relationships

A

enjoyable/ supportive interactions with others

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5
Q

according to elaboration likelihood model why do people change their beliefs and behaviour

A

motivated to receive argument

can centrally process argument

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6
Q

what 2 qualities must behaviour change methods have

A

specificity

replicability

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7
Q

patient adherence predictor - adherence information

A

what to do and when - written/ refer back
side effects & drug interactions - prepare
heuristics and implicit theories regarding medications

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8
Q

HAPA - what 3 factors influence intention in the motivational stage

A

self efficacy
outcome expectations
risk awareness

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9
Q

what is ‘psychosocial wellbeing ‘ as a category of social representations of health

A

mental state, harmony, pride, enjoying others

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10
Q

what is contained in the behaviour change methods paper kok et al 2015

A

methods linked to theory and determinants
paramaters for effectiveness
taxonomy for designing interventions at individual and environmental level

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11
Q

how does stress effect meals

A

less main meals, veg consumption

higher fat/ sugar intake

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12
Q

what are the 2 phases in the HAPA model

A

motivational (pre- intention) - individual decide whether or not to carry out behaviour
action (post - intention) - individuals make plans to initiate and maintain the behaviour

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13
Q

what is the 16th century belief of disease

A

the body is composed of cells and organs which can malfunction or die
germ theory - micro-organisms cause disease

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14
Q

what are the principles of the broaden and build theory of positive emotions

A 
resillience - cope with stressor
increased creativity
increased motivation & energy
success
better physical health - self care, positive relationships
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15
Q

who believes in ‘physical fitness and vitality ‘ as a category of social representations of health

A

younger males

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16
Q

what is the difference between clinical psychology , psychiatry, behavioural medicine and health psychology

A 
PSYCHOLOGY 
clinical psychology - focus on patients with MH problems
MENTAL DISORDERS
biomedical approach to MH - medication 
MEDICINE
behavioural medicine - integrates behavioural, psychological, biomedical knowledge and focuses on treatment and rehab
PHYSICAL DISORDERS
health psychology 
PSYCHOLOGY
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17
Q

behaviour method - what is method

A

general process for influencing changes in determinants of behaviour and environmental conditions

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18
Q

what is the recommendation for exercise

A

30 mins of moderate exercise 5 days a week and 60 minutes every day for kids

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19
Q

which aspect of the immune system does acute stress activate

A

innate (unspecific) immunity by trafficking immune cells to site of challenge

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20
Q

list some characteristics of a stressor

A 
intensity
frequency  (per day/ hour)
duration 
proximity (distance)
cognitive appraisal - importance to perceiver, positivity, controllability, predictability
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21
Q

physical benefits of exercise - what is increased with exercise

A

functioning, QoL, strength, coordination and balance and reduced fatigue

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22
Q

what are the 3 stages of stress

A

input - stimulus (stressor)
processing - appraisal/ perception
output - response - emotional, physiological, behavioural

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23
Q

what are the 3 types of response to stress

A

emotional, physiological, behavioural

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24
Q

behaviour method - conditions for effectiveness

A

know what you’re targeting
select an appropriate method
provide adequate application of method

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25
Q

basic behaviour change methods - what is motivational interviewing

A

providing a collaborative, goal orientated style of communication with particular attention to the language of change - designed to strengthen personal motivation for and commitment to a specific goal by eliciting and exploring the persons’s own reasons for change within an atmosphere of acceptance and compassion

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26
Q

what are the psychological mechanisms - micro of social relationships, health and wellbeing

A 
social support
social influence
social engagement 
person- person contact 
access to resources and material goods
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27
Q

what are the stages in reasoned decision making

A 
past behaviour 
beliefs and evaluations 
attitude
behavioural intention 
behaviour
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28
Q

what is ‘behaviour ‘ as a category of social representations of health

A

look after yourself, exercise, nutrition

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29
Q

what are the stages in habitual behaviour

A

past behaviour
behaviour
(autonomic cue response link)
little cognitive effort

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30
Q

what are some behavioural responses to stress

A

coping efforts - seeking help, solving problems, lashing out at others, blaming self

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31
Q

what are the BMI classes

A 
<20 - underweight
20- 24.9 - normal
25 - 29.9 - overweight 
30 - 39.9 - clinically obese
40 - severely obese
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32
Q

basic behaviour change methods - what is nudging

A

simple changes in the presentation of choice alternatives that make the desired choice easy, automatic or default

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33
Q

what are subjective norm beliefs

A

perceived behaviour of person

perceived approval of a person

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34
Q

what is psychosocial stress

A

the environment that arise wen person-environment transactions lead the individual to perceive a discrepancy - real or not- between the demands of a situation and the resources of the persons biological, psychological or social systems

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35
Q

positive psychology - what is involved in engagement / flow

A

consciously involved in activities

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36
Q

build positive relationships - how can you be known rather than validated

A

intimate - tell everything
open up
express yourself

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37
Q

basic behaviour change methods - what is tailoring

A

matching the intervention or components to previously measured characteristics of the participant

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38
Q

what is the centre of social cognitive theory of behaviour

A

self efficacy

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39
Q

list methods to increase knowledge

A 
chunking- stimulus patterns of parts 
advance organisers- overview of material 
using imagery - similar appearance 
discussion - informal debate
elaboration - add meaning to information
providing cues
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40
Q

basic behaviour change methods - what is participation

A

assuring high levels of engagement of the participants group in problem solving, decision making and change activities

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41
Q

list examples of dysfunctional beliefs

A

selective abstraction - only way to do something
dichotomous reasoning - do X to get Y
overgeneralisation - failed last night will fail again
magnification - will be too much
superstitious thinking - abstract thing will happen
personalisation -

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42
Q

learning & cognitive theory - what is exposure

A

past behaviours predict future behaviour, habit formation

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43
Q

how many times higher is effectiveness of treatment in those with good adherence

A

3x

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44
Q

learning & cognitive theory - what is modelling

A

peer led videos, parents behaviours

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45
Q

what are the 5 cores of the socio- ecological model

A 
individual - knowledge, attitude, skills
interpersonal - social network 
organisational - ethos, environment
community - cultural values, norm
public policy
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46
Q

HAPA - what 3 factors influence behaviour in the action stage

A

regulatory self efficacy - keep doing behaviour
action control - aware of standards - doing behaviour correct
action/ coping planning - plan solutions

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47
Q

what are some physiological responses to stress

A

autonomic fight or flight

hormonal fluctuations

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48
Q

what are some negative consequences of obesity

A

hypertension, T2DM, osteoarthrits, heart disease, respiratory problems, lower back pain, cancer, MH, increased mortality

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49
Q

in a TBP intervention what should be targeted to deliver an change in intention and behaviour

A

subjective norms

perceived behaviour control

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50
Q

learning & cognitive theory - what is reinforcement

A

praise, pleasure, rewards

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51
Q

according to elaboration likelihood model what has to happen to make people change their beliefs and behaviour

A

message be congruent with existing beliefs
message personally relevant
individual must understand argument

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52
Q

what is behavioural immunogen

A

a behavioural practice thought to be health protective behaviours eg exercise

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53
Q

what learning theory is companionship

A

positive reinforcement

- exciting things and celebrating positive events improves relationship satisfaction

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54
Q

what is self affirmation intervention an example of

A

emotion based intervention

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55
Q

what are the most psychoactive substances used

A

1- caffeine
2- alcohol
3 - nicotine

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56
Q

what are the 4 ways of measuring well-being

A 
cantorial self anchoring scale - ladder of QoL now and 10 years
global satisfaction (1-7) 
basic emotions (1-5) 
circumflex model - daily affect 2D model
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57
Q

what 3 things influence behavioural intention (TPB)

A

attitude towards behaviour
subjective norms
perceived behaviour control

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58
Q

list some emotion regulation strategies

A 
attentional deployment
response modulation 
cognitive change
distraction 
suppression 
reapprasing
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59
Q

what are the differences between social cognition, dual process and stage models of behaviour

A

social - describe reasoned approaches to behaviour
dual process - incorporate reasoned and autonomic processes
stage - find where person is with their behaviour and which determinants should be targeted

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60
Q

what is the mind body relationship model of health

A

disease attributed to evil spirits and punishment from the gods. mechanistic view - underpins the biomedical model

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61
Q

list some patient adherence predictor interactional mediators

A

depression, anxiety, worry symptoms/ side effects

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62
Q

what does PERMA stand for (positive psychology)

A 
P - positive emotion
E - engagement / flow
R - relationships 
M - meaning
A- accomplishment
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63
Q

how does stress make you ill

A

not stress itself but physiological effects of psychological stress

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64
Q

is knowledge significant enough for behaviour change

A

no but it is necessary

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65
Q

what is the system of a no coping response that leads to relapse

A

decreased self efficacy
lapse - initial use
abstinence violation effect, cognitive dissonance, internal attributions

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66
Q

build positive relationships - how can you work on them

A

mutual meaningful goals
active love
relationship rituals

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67
Q

define allostasis

A

active process by which organisms achieve stability through change

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68
Q

what is associated with less healthy eating amongst 12-22

A

parental permissiveness

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69
Q

build positive relationships - how can you appreciate the positives

A

find benefits and appreciate them
respond to positive events
active constructive responding

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70
Q

what is ‘not ill ‘ as a category of social representations of health

A

no symptoms/ doctors visits

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71
Q

what is a habit

A

actions that have come to be autonomically triggered by situational cues

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72
Q

what are the 4 elements of social relationships, health and wellbeing

A 
social structural conditions (macro)
social networks (mezzo) 
psychological mechanisms (micro) 
pathways
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73
Q

TPB - what determines subjective norms

A
  • beliefs about how others would like you to behave

- positive/ negative judgements

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74
Q

relapse - what can be done to prevent initial lapse

A

reminder card - what to do when slip

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75
Q

what is self efficacy

A

confidence is ability to perform a behaviour - regulates process that enhances or impedes behaviour

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76
Q

what 4 things form self efficacy

A

1- previous mastery experience
2 - vicarious experience
3- social persuasion
4 - emotional arousal

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77
Q

positive psychology - what is involved in accomplishment

A

completing goals and following core values

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78
Q

basic behaviour change methods - what is reinforcement

A

linking a behaviour to any consequence that increases the behaviours rate, frequency or probability

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79
Q

what is ‘reserve ‘ as a category of social representations of health

A

strong family, recover quickly from operation

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80
Q

how does social support protect a person against negative effects of stress

A
  • influence cognitive appraisals of a situation - perceive resources as greater
  • modify persons coping response to stressor after it has been appraised as stressful
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81
Q

basic behaviour change methods - what is punishment

A

providing punishment - linking a behaviour to any consequences that decrease the behaviour’s rate, frequency or probability

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82
Q

what are some barrriers to exercise

A 
lack of time
costs
lack of access to appropriate facilities and equipment
embarrassment 
lack of company
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83
Q

list some reasons for non- adherence

A

lack of refills
forgetting
sleeping through doses
side effects - too sick

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84
Q

list some emotional responses to stress

A

annoyance, anger, anxiety, fear, grief

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85
Q

what is a high NaCL intake linked with

A

high blood pressure

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86
Q

what does a high level of self efficacy indicate

A

increased confidence in ability to succeed

87
Q

what type is the reflective impulse model (RIM)

A

dual process model

88
Q

what are acute stressors

A

short term
demands and pressures of recent past
anticipated demands of the future
usually manageable

89
Q

basic behaviour change methods - what is persuasive communication

A

guiding individuals and environmental agents towards the adoption of an idea, attitude or action by using arguments or other means

90
Q

list methods to change skills

A 
guided practice - reverse and repeat
verbal persuasion 
improve physical/ emotional state
provide cognitive rewards
cue altering 
goal setting
91
Q

what are the 4 ways to assess subjective health status

A

1 - self rate
2- compare to prior health eg 1 year
3 - compared to others
4 - functioning / activities - prevent form doing what they want (a vigorous, b moderate c gentle)

92
Q

what are some barriers to condom use

A

reduces spontaneity/ sexual pleasure
anticipated objection of suggesting
unsure of correct usage
NOT and individual behaviour

93
Q

what is the biopsychosocial model of health

A

disease and symptoms are explained by a combination of physical, cultural, psychological and social factors
biological - virus, bacteria, injury, genes, congenital
psychological - thoughts, emotions, behaviour
social - economical, environmental, cultural

94
Q

patient adherence predictor - adherence motivation

A

personal - attitude, outcome expectations, outcome beliefs

social - support, reputation

95
Q

what 2 components is social support considered in

A

structure - type , size of network

functions - they serve

96
Q

emotion based intervention - what emotional response does fear appeal evoke

A

anxiety

97
Q

what is active constructive responding

A

ways of responding to talking about good events
active constructive - enthusiasm, ask questions, reinforce positives
active deconstructive- talk about negatives, find a problem
passive constructive - smile, acknowledge
passive deconstructive - avoid/ change subject

98
Q

what are the 12 types of social relationship

A 
spouse
parents
children
parents in law
other close family members
friends
close neighbours
colleagues
school friends 
volunteers 
group members (religious)
group members (non- religious)
99
Q

what 4 things build positive relationships

A
  1. work on them
  2. strive to be known rather than validated
  3. allow for conflict
  4. appreciate the positive
100
Q

stress - how does approached (active) focused coping work

A

actions to attend the source of stress, confront the problem

eg get more information, behavioural efforts to manage

101
Q

predicting behaviour - does attitude predict intention

A

no

102
Q

what is cortisol and its effects

A

anti- inflammatory hormone

  • energy metabolism (fats - glucose)
  • vascular responsiveness
  • memory formulation
  • relatively slow acting
103
Q

list some parameters for effectiveness for a behaviour change model

A

receiver has necessary skills
receiver identifies with model (peer group best)
coping model - experience obstacles - rather than mastery
model is positively reinforced

104
Q

basic behaviour change methods - what is belief selection

A

using messages designed to strengthen positive beliefs, weaken negative beliefs and introduce new beliefs

105
Q

what are limitations of the WHO definition of health

A

doesnt address socio-economic and cultural influences on health, illness and health decisions
omits major role of psych in experience of health and illness

106
Q

what are psychological benefits of exercise

A

reduces anxiety and depression
heightens self esteem and self image
increase levels of pr-social behaviour
delays neuronal dysfunction (cognitive decline)

107
Q

what types of support can you give

A

emotional - empathy, caring, concern
esteem - positive regard, encouragement, positively comparing
tangible - direct aid, finance, aid
informational - advice, suggestions
network - feedback, welcoming, shared experiences

108
Q

which 2 factors affect adherence

A

skills

information

109
Q

what are the 4 methods of coping with stress

A

problem focused
emotion focused
approach
avoid

110
Q

what are the social networks - mezzo of social relationships, health and wellbeing

A

social network structure

characteristics of network ties

111
Q

what is coping with stress

A

process of managing stressors that have been appraised as taxing or exceeding a persons resources
wide range of efforts made to respond to, tolerate or resolve the stressor
dynamic process - learned behaviour

112
Q

what percentage of CHD, cancer, lung cancer and COPD are linked to smoking

A 
CHD- 30%
cancer - 70%
lung cancer - 90%
COPD - 80% 
passive smoking 25% lung cancer deaths in non smokers
113
Q

what is the deference between dualism and monoism

A

dualism - idea that mind and body are separate units

monism - one unit (psychological causes –> physical changes and visa versa)

114
Q

learning & cognitive theory - what is incentives

A

used as motivation

eg getting money, saving money

115
Q

what is conversion hysteria (psychoanalytic contributions)

A

stressors & traumas (unconscious conflicts) cause physical symptoms such as numbness, blindness and paralysis with no organic cause

116
Q

physical benefits of exercise - what is good about exercise strengthening the heart muscle

A

improve cardiac and respiratory efficiency

117
Q

relapse - what things can be done to prevent a no coping response

A 
relaxation training 
stress management 
imagery 
skills training 
relapse rehearsal
118
Q

RIM model - what is the reflective stage of the behaviour

A 
perception of cue 
knowledge
reasoning 
intention 
behaviour
119
Q

what are the 2 systems in the RIM model

A

1 - impulsive HABIT - fast acting, unconscious, autonomic

2 - reflective SELF CONTROL- reasoned, goal directed, effortful

120
Q

how are food preferences learned (methods, products, tastes, textures, food components)

A

early on through socialisation within family

121
Q

what is health psychology involved in

A

promotion and maintenance of health
improving health care systems and health policy
prevention and treatment of illness
cause of illness -( diagnostic correlations) risk factors, vulnerability etc

122
Q

what is the biomedical model of health

A

disease and symptoms have underlying pathological causes (physical) and treatment returns body to normal state
health is freedom from pain, disease or defect
mind and body are separate

123
Q

what is adherence

A

the extent to which a patients behaviour matches agreed recommendations from their health professional
negotiation, patient centred care, shared decision making

124
Q

what are chronic stressors

A

long term (>30 days)
unrelenting demands
can be unmanageable

125
Q

what effects does adrenaline/ noradrenaline have on the body (autonomic fight or flight)

A

increase HR, BP, glucose
constrict small vessels, dilates vessels to major muscle groups
pupils dilate - take in more light
arousal - fear

126
Q

Social cognitive theory - how may self efficacy influence goals

A

outcome expectations ,
sociostructural factores
goals

127
Q

predicting behaviour - does subjective norm predict intention

A

yes

128
Q

what did Bauman 1961 reveal health to be related to

A

feeling - sense of well-being
symptoms orientation - absence of disease
performance - fit/ function

129
Q

what matters more relationship quality or quantity

A

quality

130
Q

what effect does chronic stress have on immune function

A

suppress immune function - prolonged immunosuppressant effects of cortisol, increasing susceptibility to infections and disease
associated with impairment of healing and dysregulation of biomarkers associated with wound healing

131
Q

what are the social- structural conditions - macro of social relationships, health and wellbeing

A

culture
socio- economic factors
politics
social change

132
Q

HAPA - how do action plans work

A

designate where, when and how a behaviour will be achieved and can delegate control over goal - directed responses to anticipated situational cues

133
Q

what is the secondary appraisal in the transactional/ interaction model of stress

A

perceived ability to cope with a situation

134
Q

what are attitude beliefs

A

proabability of behaviour X > consequence Y

desirability of consequence

135
Q

what 4 things may influence self efficacy

A

1 previous mastery experience
2 viscarious experience
3 - social persuasion
4 emotional arrousal

136
Q

predicting behaviour - does perceived behavioural control affect activity

A

no

137
Q

what are the 6 categories of social representations of health

A 
not ill
reserve
behaviour
physical fitness &amp; vitality 
psychosocial wellbeing 
function
138
Q

in the transactional/ interaction model of stress when does stress occur

A

imbalance between threat and perceived ability to cope

139
Q

physical benefits of exercise - what does exercise reduce your risk of

A

heart disease, T2DM, obesity, osteoporosis, cancer

140
Q

basic behaviour change methods - what is modelling

A

providing an appropriate model being reinforced for the desired action

141
Q

what do social networks facilitate

A

provision of goods, services ad mutual defence in times of need or danger

142
Q

method to change social influence - what is information about other’s approval

A

providing information about what other’s think about the person’s behaviour and whether others will approve or disapprove of any proposed behaviour change

143
Q

method to change social support - what is enhancing network linkages

A

training network members to provide support and members of the target group to mobilise and maintain their networks

144
Q

what is a behavioural pathogen

A

a behavioural practice though to be damaging to health eg smoking

145
Q

RIM model - what is the impulsive stage of the behaviour

A

perception of cue
associative store
behaviour

146
Q

basic behaviour change methods - what is feedback

A

giving information to individuals and environmental agents regarding the extent to which they are accomplishing learning or performance, or to the extent which performance is having an impact

147
Q

what are the 2 models for illicit drug use

A

dependence - addicts, possible ill or no control

criminal - irresponsible , dangerous

148
Q

what is the system for a good coping response to prevent a relapse

A

increased self efficacy

149
Q

how many times more likely were those with 1-3 social relationships to develop the cold than those with 6 or more

A

4.2

150
Q

what is the difference between primary and secondary prevention of a health behaviour

A

primary - educate children about risks

secondary - change behaviour of those already

151
Q

what is the classic conceptualisation of social support

A
  • what can you do to support someone through stress

- what can a partner offer in stressful situations

152
Q

biological mechanisms of exercise - what is released into the bloodstream

A

natural opiates - produce natural high
adrenaline - counteract stress response
muscle relaxants - reduce feelings of tension

153
Q

TPB - what determines perceived behaviour control

A
  • how much they believe they have control over control (perceived control)
  • self efficacy - confidence about being able to perform a behaviour
154
Q

basic behaviour change methods - what is individualisation

A

providing opportunities for learners to have personal questions answered or instructions paced according to their individual progress

155
Q

what are the main 3 aspects considered when continuing unhealthy behaviour and developing dependence

A
  • family history , genetics
  • personality characteristics
  • social learning theory
156
Q

define social support

A

resources (actual or perceived) available from one or more others to assist the focal person in the management of stress experiences

157
Q

define homeostasis

A

maintenance of stable psychological systems (internal environment) that are essential to life

158
Q

basic behaviour change methods - what is facilitation

A

creating and environment that makes the action easier or reduces barriers

159
Q

what is ‘function ‘ as a category of social representations of health

A

ability to perform duties - do what you want with no physical limitation

160
Q

list some factors involved in the initiation of a behaviour

A 
curiosity 
modelling (social) - reduced perception of risk 
social pressure - positively encouraged 
genetics
image
self esteem
weight control
risk taking
health cognitions
stress
161
Q

stress - how does avoidance (passive) focused coping work

A

actions to minimise threat, distract

can be emotional or completely avoiding situation

162
Q

list some patient adherence predictor moderators

A

ethnic identity/ race - trust in profession

socio-economic status

163
Q

predicting behaviour - does perceived behavioural control predict intention

A

yes

164
Q

methods to change skills - what is inactive mastery experience

A

providing increasingly challenging tasks with feedback to serve as indicators of capability

165
Q

behaviour method - what is application

A

practical technique for operationalising methods in ways that fit with the intervention group and the context in which the intervention will be conducted

166
Q

what are genetic factors leading to obesity

A

more fat cells and lower metabolic rate

leptin deficiency - apetite control

167
Q

learning & cognitive theory - what is associative learning

A

pairing behaviour with other healthy behaviours

168
Q

how are habits learned

A

context dependent repetition (cue dependent)

169
Q

TPB - what determines attitude towards behaviour

A
  • beliefs about consequences of performing behaviour

- positive/ negative judgements

170
Q

basic behaviour change methods - what is active learning

A

encouraging learning form goal- driven and activity based experience

171
Q

positive psychology - what is involved in meaning

A

creating a purposeful narrative

172
Q

how does cognitive behavioural therapy change behaviour

A

reinforcement, modelling, exposure, associative learning

changes cognitions and dysfunctional beliefs

173
Q

list some aspects of learning & cognitive theory

A 
reinforcement
associative learning
modelling
incentives
exposure 
adding cognitions
174
Q

what are some reasons people continue smoking for

A

habit
pleasure/ enjoyment
stress management
lack of belief in being able to stop

175
Q

what is the basic definition of health psychology

A

the study of psychological and behavioural processes in health, illness and healthcare

176
Q

what are some reasons for exercising

A 
physical fitness
lose weight / body shape
maintain / enhance health status
improve self image/ mood
stress reduction
social
177
Q

stress - how does emotion focused coping work

A

actions to manage/ regulate the emotions evoked

eg acceptance, seek support, venting, exercise

178
Q

what determinants is knowledge essential for (not sufficient)

A

risk perception, behavioural beliefs, perceived norm, behavioural control

179
Q

stress - how does problem focused coping work

A

actions to reduce demands, increase resources available

- plan to change, suppress competing activities,

180
Q

method to change skills- what is planning coping response

A

Prompting participants to list potential barriers and ways to overcome these

181
Q

what is the most important determinant of behaviour (T

A

intention

182
Q

statistically what type of information do we pay more attention to

A

negative
info that confirms what we believe
what we want to hear

183
Q

what is compliance

A

the extent to which patients behaviour (in terms of taking medications) coincides with medical or health advice (paternalistic)

184
Q

what are 3 social cognition models

A

theory of planned behaviour
health belief model
protection motivation theory

185
Q

what are the WHO guidelines for alcohol

A

women - 2 drinks
men - 3 drinks
up to 4 drinks average / day
stay at alcohol free at least one day a week

186
Q

what are the 5 coping goals

A
  1. reduce harmful environmental conditions and enhance prospects of recovery
  2. tolerate or adjust to negative events or realities
  3. to maintain a positive self image
  4. maintain emotional equilibrium and decrease emotional distress
  5. maintain a satisfying relationship with others
187
Q

what is included in the lay model of successful ageing (strongest predictor of quality of life)

A

medical, psychological, socio-economic and broader social influences

188
Q

in the elaboration likelihood model what are the 2 pathways to process an argument

A

central

peripheral

189
Q

what type of model is the theory of planned behaviour

A

social cognition model

190
Q

how is social support proven to buffer against stress

A

those with high social support are likely to appraise events as less stressful than individuals who don’t

191
Q

is adherence linked to motivation

A

no - but those who are motivated tend to learn more skills

192
Q

what is concordance

A

matching between patient and doctor

193
Q

what is the primary appraisal in the transactional/ interaction model of stress

A

perceived threat from a situation

194
Q

what are behavioural / environmental factors in obesity

A

sedentary lifestyle
lack of physical activity slows metabolism
overeating / portion size
stress level

195
Q

build positive relationships - how can you allow for conflict

A

no one always right in relationship
positive conflict resolution - challenge behaviour not person, avoid hostility/ insults/ contempt
keep disputes private

196
Q

positive psychology - what is involved in Positive emotions

A

experiencing joy, pleasure, fun, safety

197
Q

what is the WHO definition of health

A

a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

198
Q

what are the pathways of social relationships, health and wellbeing

A

health behaviours
psychological pathways
physiological pathways

199
Q

what are self- efficacy / control beliefs

A

perception of own competence
perception of obstacles
perception of own control over behaviour

200
Q

define allostatic load

A

the price the body pays for being forced to adapt to psychological or physical situations
too much stress
inefficient operation of the stress hormone response system

201
Q

what is a negative effect of excessive sat fat intake

A

arteries harden and blockages build

202
Q

what is the recommended intake of fruit and veg

A

5-7 portions per day

contains vitamins, folic acid, antioxidants, B-carotene - protect against cancer, heart disease

203
Q

what doe a social cognition behaviour model assume

A

reasoned (reflective/ deliberative) process involving the consideration of options and anticipated outcomes (reasoned decision making)

204
Q

patient adherence predictor - behavioural skills

A

for acquiring, self cue-ing and self administering medication in daily life
objective skills
self - efficacy

205
Q

predicting behaviour - does intention predict activity

A

yes

206
Q

what are the stages in the stages of change model

A

pre- contemplation - contemplation - preparation - action - maintenance - relapse
everyone at different stage

207
Q

what are the Alameda 7 (key behaviours associated with health and longevity)

A
  • getting regular exercise
  • eating breakfast
  • not eating between meals
  • only drinking 1-2 units alcohol per day
  • sleeping 7-8 hours per night
  • not smoking
  • not being over 10% overweight
208
Q

how does social support effect disease (direct)

A

lack of social support is detrimental to health even in the absence of stress
greater sense of belongings and self esteem - positive outlook
reduced BP
enhances endocrine/ immune functions

209
Q

what is the PATH model for intervention development

A

problem - who for, most be solvable with health psychology
analysis - outcome variable , applicability theory
test - variable not related to other variables
help - divergent stage - as many theories as possible, convergent stage - pick most promising

210
Q

what type of model is the health action process approach (HAPA)

A

stage model

211
Q

what are the benefits of positive emotions

A

feel good to feel good
recover better from stressor/ negative emotions
fuel psychological resiliency (upwards spiral)

212
Q

what is the most common intuitive model for behaviour change

A

Knowledge - attitude - behaviour

213
Q

what aren negative psychological consequences of exercise

A

excessive reliance can become compulsive , produce dependence
excess deprivation leads to low mood and irritability

behaviour health and wellbeing (1 decks)

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