Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Work, Family and Community > Exam > Flashcards

Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is arnsteins ladder of participation?

A

It is a typology of 8 levels of citizen participation and no participation. Citizen participation is a process which provides individuals with an opportunity to influence government decision and has long been a component of the democratic decision-making process. For illustrative purposes, the eight types of participation are arranged in a ladder pattern with each rung corresponding to the extent of citizens power in determining the end product.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 8 levels of participation

A
  1. Citizen control - Geniun Participation
  2. Delegate power - Geniun Participation
  3. Partnership - Geniun Participation
  4. Placation - Geniun Participation/ higher level of tokenism
  5. Consultation - Tokenism
  6. Informing - Tokenism
  7. Therapy - Non-participation
  8. Manipulation - Non-participation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is manipulation and therapy on the ladder of participation?

A

Levels of non-participation that have been contrived by some to substitute for genuine participation. The real objective is not to enable people to participate, but to enable power holders to educate or “cure” participants.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is informing and consultation on the ladder of participation?

A

Levels of tokenism that allow have-nots to hear and have a voice.
When they are proffered by power holders as the total extent of participation, the citizen may indeed hear and be heard but under these conditions there lack power to ensure their views will be heeded by the power. When restricted to these levels there will be no follow throguh hence no assurance of change to the status quo.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is placation on the ladder of participation?

A

Higher level of tokenism

Ground rules allow have-nots to advise, but retain power holders the right to decide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is partnership on the ladder of participation?

A

Enable them to negotiate and engage in trade-offs with traditional power holders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is delegate powers and citizen control on the ladder of participation?

A

Have not citizens obtain the majority of decision making seats or full managerial power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the tragedy of the commons?

A

A term used to describe a situation in a shared resource system where individual users acting independently according to their own self-interest behave contrary to the common good of all users by depleting or spoiling that resource through their collective action.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a real-life example of the tragedy of the commons?

A

Grand Bank Fisheriers

Fishing grounds off Newfoundland. For centuries the area was described to have an endless supply of cod fish. In the 1960/70’s advances in fishing enabled huge catches of cod. Following a few seasons, ths fish population dropped dramatically, forcing fishermen to sail out further. By 1990, the cod population was so low Grand Bank fishing industry collapsed. Scientist doubt it will ever recover.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the tragedy in the tragedy of the commons?

A

The tragedy is that no one can win. The destiny of the tragedy is inevitable, a human cannot escape the perpetual conflict over natural resources.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the paradox in the tragedy of the commons?

A

Paradox is that short-term profits or gains have detrimental long term consequences that are destructive to all who share interests in the commons.

Personal gain vs collective - if its a common shoulder we all have equal accesss?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is first order change?

A
  • Ameliorative: minor shifts within the existing structure
  • Alters, rearranges and replaces the perceived problem
  • Example: Counselling the homeless to address homelessness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is second order change?

A
  • Transformative: Change of the system itself
  • Does not assume existing structure is correct
  • Example: Address homelessness through changing the systems that put them at risk
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

List the different approaches to social change?

A
  • Community Coalition
  • Alternative Setting
  • Community Development
  • Consciousness Rating
  • Social Action
  • Organizational Consulting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is community coalitions?

A
  • A community issue is addressed through the collective actions of a range of community representatives
  • Increase resources, diversity, healthy communities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is consciousness rating?

A

The activity of seeking to make people more aware of a personal, social or political issue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is social action?

A
  • Action toward social reform
  • Identified specific obstacles to the empowerment of specific groups
  • Creates a constructive conflict to these obstacles through non-violent means
  • Involves power and conflict
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is organization/community consultation?

A
  • Professionals working as consultants to make policy, structural or political changes
  • Second order change
  • Any of the following: Needs analysis, focus group interviews
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is community development?

A
  • Concerned with increasing community resources

- Both tangible (health facilities) and intangible (social capital)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is alternative settings?

A
  • Are those spaces which provide a different space for community engagement, interaction, and critically for needs to be met.
  • Provides support mechanisms or service options to the individuals outside the ‘mainstream’ provision.
  • Self help, community gardens, health buses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a context?

A
  • Refers to all facets which influence an individuals experience
  • Influences us and we influence it
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a worldview?

A
  • A view or perspective on the world or the universe
  • Reflected in our beliefs and assumptions
  • Shape how we view society
  • Shapes our behaviours
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is modernism?

A
  • World is ‘knowable’
  • Empirical methods adopted to test and defeine thruth
  • The process enable fallible beliefs to be rejected and objective thruths to be identified
  • Value free
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is a dominant culture?

A
  • A group who maintain a relative position of power over others
  • Unearned privilage
  • Holder power and resource over other
  • Offered opportunitys others are not
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the social “other”?

A
  • Those who are not apart of dominant culture
  • Position of disadvantage
  • Denied access
  • Determained by dominant culture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is cultural hegemony?

A
  • Refers to the adopted values and beliefs held by dominant culture
  • Establish order and assist the dominant culture to maintain their position of power
  • Stereotypes, social norms, common sense
27
Q

How does cultural hegemony effect the social other?

A
  • Causes a internatilised oppression
  • Internalised sense of infeiority
  • Emerges out of the ideologies and myths that are constructed by the dominant group
28
Q

Why is awareness of cultural hegemony important?

A
  • Conscientization: The process by which one develops the ability think critically about issues of power in relationship to privilege and oppression
  • Hegemony contributes to the construction and maintance of both the dominant culture
  • Reconstruction
  • Conscientization as a means of contending with cultural hegemony
29
Q

What is a community? What are the two kinds of communities?

A
  • A group that has something in common
  • Geographic/locational: Groupings of individuals that are based on proximity
  • Relational: Bound by friendship or common purpose or task
30
Q

What us a psychological sense of community?

A
  • A feelings that one belongs in or is meaningfully a part of a larger collectivity. The sense that although there may be conflict between the needs of the individual and the collective, these conflicts must be resolved in a way that does not destgroy the PSOC; the sense that there is a network of and structure of relationships that strengthens rather than delutes feelings of loneliness
31
Q

What are the elements of PSOC and describe them?

A

MEMBERSHIP

  • Common symbols
  • Belonging and identification
  • Boundaries

INFLUENCE:
- Bi-direction: members of the group must feel empowered to have influence over what group and group cohesiveness depends upon the group having some influence over its members

INTEGRATION AND FUFLIMENT OF NEEDS

  • Shared values: ideals purseud through community involvement
  • Satisfying needs

SHARED EMOTIONAL CONNECTIONS

  • Difficult to define
  • Spiritual bond
  • Those that share connection recognise feelings
32
Q

How did Tonnies (1957) suggest communities are changing?

A
  • Tonnies argued that there has been a shift in the way that communities are conceptualized and in the way we socially organize ourselves
  • A shift from gemeinschaft to geselleschaft communties

GEMEINSHAFT:

  • The collective
  • Social ties and in person interactions that are defined by traditional social rules
  • Moral obligayions

GESELLESCHAFT:

  • Individualism
  • Indirect social ties and not carried out face to face
  • Rules set by state
  • Modernist values
33
Q

What is culture?

A

A normative system that prescribes how individuals should behave

34
Q

What is inclusive language?

A

Inclusive language is language that is free from words, phrases or tones that reflect prejudiced, stereotyped or discriminatory views of particular people or groups. It is also language that doesn’t deliberately or inadvertently exclude people from being seen as part of a group.

35
Q

Why is inclusive language important?

A

The use of appropraite language is a sensitive matter because of the meanings of worlds that may be relative, situational and language dependent. What is more is worlds carry inherent meaning that inevitably depends on underlying frames of reference. In this sense, language has a powerful performative power and impact. As a result, wording or word choices that are used without inherit to harm may be experienced as harmful to listeners.

36
Q

What are some qualities of inclusive language?

A
  • Respectful
  • Non-pathologising: Pathologising language is stigmatizing
  • Consistent with human rights standards
  • Responsive to changes over time
37
Q

What is community psychology?

A

“Community psychology concerns the relationships of
individuals with communities and societies. By integrating research with action, it seeks to understand and enhance quality of life for individuals, communities and societies”

38
Q

What is the ecological perspective?

A
  • The term ecological perspective is a concept from the science of ecology that refers the study of organisms and how they interact with their environments.
  • B=f(P,E)
  • Explains social systems according to multiple levels
  • From proximal to distal
  • Consists of four nested layers/systems
FOUR LAYERS: 
Macrosystem
Exosystem
Mesosystem
Microsystem
39
Q

What is the microsystem level of the ecological perspective?

A
  • Most proximal to the developing individual
  • Immediate relational setting or environment
    that the individual engages with others
  • Relational settings consist of enduring
    relationships with specific roles
  • Examples: family, school, work environment,
    recreational groups, peer group
40
Q

What is the mesosystem level of the ecological perspective?

A
  • A system of microsystems, and considers the
    interactions among microsystems
  • For example, the mesosystem consists of
    relational settings significant to a person at a
    particular stage in their life
41
Q

What is the exosystem level of the ecological perspective?

A
  • Is not a setting in which the developing individual is
    contained, rather it reflects more removed formal
    and informal settings – the ecological circumstances
  • Heuristic purpose: “to alert researchers to aspects of
    the larger environment that may be critical for the
    process of making human beings human” (p.527)
  • For example, broader social contexts such as mass
    media, the welfare system, relationships between
    school and community, government, social networks,
    transportation systems, recreation patterns, social
    class, social policy
42
Q

What is the macrosystem level of the ecological perspective?

A
  • Prototypes of thinking/ doing which characterise
    a culture or subculture
  • Influence is through ideologies and norms,
    communicated through forums such as policy,
    media, social advocacy
  • E.g. a ‘typical’ neighbourhood….
  • E.g. societies, political systems, social
    movements, cultures, customs, tradition
43
Q

What is an epistemology?

A

our theory of knowledge; our theoretical

perspective

44
Q

What is subjectivism?

A

Subjectivism – ‘knowledge’ is really no more than a

matter of personal opinion

45
Q

What is constructionism?

A

Constructionism – multiple realities exist, meanings are derived through our engagement with the social world
and thus are ‘constructed’

46
Q

What is objectivism?

A

Objectivism – truth or knowledge is universal and can be uncovered via the application of the scientific method

47
Q

What is social capital?

A

Social Capital (resources)
- Processes of social interaction and organisation
(e.g. norms, social networks) that lead to particular
outcomes of mutual benefit (Putman, 1993)
- Relates to the ‘good-will’ displayed in the
facilitation of social action (Adler & Kwon, 2002)
- Seen as a solution to social problems e.g. through
the use of community coalition

48
Q

What is a Participant Conceptualiser?

A

one who is actively involved in community processes while also attempting to understand and explain them

49
Q

Types of power?

A

Power Over: Refers to the capacity to dominate others.

Power To: Refers to the capacity to pursue own goals and develope own capacities; self determination.

Power From: Refers to the capacity to resist power of others. A genuine redistribution of power.

50
Q

What is unearned privlage?

A

Relates to privilege experienced by those who are members of the dominant culture over members of the non-dominant culture

Privilege is unearned as it is based on possessing characteristics that are consistent with the dominant culture… and nothing else really!

51
Q

What is empowerement?

A

Empowerment is “a process, a mechanism by which people, organizations, and communities gain mastery of their affairs”

“The concept suggests both individual determination over one’s own life and democratic participation in the life of one’s community, often through mediating structures such as schools, neighborhoods, churches, and other voluntary organizations. Empowerment conveys both a psychological sense of personal control or influence and a concern with actual social influence, political power, and legal rights. It is a multilevel construct applicable to individual citizens as well as to organizations and neighbourhoods”

52
Q

What are some qualities of CP research?

A

Questions may

  • Examine topics of social relevance geared in terms of action
  • (Will?) question social hegemony

Design may
- Tends to be action research (AR) oriented or participatory action research (PAR)

Participants may

  • Shape the roles between researcher and participant (may be ‘non-traditional’ roles)
  • Also engage in a steering committee

Processes may

  • Be political
  • Be collaborative

Findings may
- Usually also consist of follow up (geared towards some form of social change)
- Be communicated innovatively and in multiple ways to suit the needs of the
audience/s

53
Q

What is Substantive Theorising?

A

Substantive theorizing is presented as the intersection of a series of choices by researchers, including decisions to focus on limited but socially important domains; to use multiple methods; to develop intimate familiarity with chosen domains; and to examine processes in their natural social and temporal contexts

54
Q

What are the 3 domains of Substantive theorising?

A

Substantive (problem or topic in a substantive
domain)

Methodology (a methodology which is appropriate to
the substantive domain)

Conceptual (after the data is in, see what
interpretations can be made)

55
Q

What are procedural ethics?

A
  • are espoused procedures and protocols that are determined by a governing body as necessary to ‘protect’ participant rights (Smyth & Murray, 2000)
    e. g., Submission of an ethics proposal, Informed consent, Protocols surrounding deception, Confidentiality and anonymity, Identification of conflicts of interest etc.
56
Q

What are virtue ethics?

A

a critical awareness of and appropriate response to ethical issues or tensions, that are likely unexpected, and may extend beyond espoused procedurally
ethical practices.

57
Q

What is prevention?

A

The term has Latin derivatives of ‘to anticipate’ and ‘and before something to come’

Prevention has roots in public health: goal to reduce
environmental stressors and increase host resistance to stressors

58
Q

What is Primary Prevention?

A
  • Intervention given to the entire population when they are not in need or experiencing distress
  • Goal to lower rate of new cases (e.g. Keeping healthy people healthy by having vaccinations)
  • Applied to all regardless of potential need
59
Q

What is secondary prevention?

A

Intervention given when communities show early signs of need/disorder evident in a community
- Seen as a precursor to being ‘at risk’
- Implications with identifying/ labelling those deemed as potentially requiring engaging in secondary prevention efforts
 Stigmatisation
 Are currently not in need
 May not ever require need

60
Q

What is teirtary prevention?

A

Applied in situations when a community is in need/is
‘disordered’
- Aim to reduce intensity/duration/preventing future issues
- Resemble notions of rehabilitation?
- Yep! Rehabilitation for individuals, tertiary prevention for communities
- Resemble treatment?
- Yep! Introduced in a social context preoccupied with a medical and treatment oriented paradigm. Caplan drew on parallels in a bid to get some traction in preemptive treatment, and it worked

61
Q

What is promotion?

A
  • The enhancement of population health and wellbeing.
  • Is closely related to Prevention techniques, as health
    promotion can serve to prevent the onset of other issues.
62
Q

What does colonial epistomology mean?

A

the valued or privileged epistemology or way of

knowing, the normalised ‘truths’.

63
Q

What does decolonization mean?

A

Decolonisation is pro-social action taken to reduce or obliterate the effects of Colonisation

64
Q

What is epistemic violence?

A
  • “Epistemology refers to a theory of knowledge: what constitutes trustworthy knowledge, what evidence is accepted as trustworthy, what methods are acceptable
    for generating knowledge”
  • Colonisers create and occupy hegemonic positionality that enables them to afford
    themselves power, and privilege the knowledge and ‘meanings’ which are most
    beneficial to themselves

Work, Family and Community (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions