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The Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act > Exam > Flashcards

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1
Q

The Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act (ASPA) Year

A

1986

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2
Q

While working under the ASPA you are exempt from

A

Prosecution under animal welfare legislation

e.g. Animal Welfare Act 2006

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3
Q

Failing to comply can lead to…

A

Prosecution under the ASPA and Animal Welfare Act

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4
Q

Guidance documents on ASPA interpretation

A

Guidance on the Operation of ASPA 1986
Housing and care of animals used in scientific procedures
Housing and care of animals in designated breeding and supply establishments

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5
Q

Guidance document that provides information covering the killing of protected animals

A

Guidance on the Operation of the ASPA 1986

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6
Q

Ethics (definition)

A

The process by which we attempt to distinguish right from wrong
Relates to the decision that you or others make as individuals

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7
Q

The law (definition)

A

A system of rules and guidelines which are enforced through social institutions (the police and judiciary) to govern the behaviour of individuals and institutions

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8
Q

ASPA and ethics

A

All animal studies must be ethically justified

The host institute must undertake an ethical assessment and document it for the ASRU

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9
Q

Animals in Service Regulation Unit (ASRU) inspector responsibility

A

Responsible for overseeing all work conducted under ASPA on behalf of the Secretary of State for the Home Office

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10
Q

Which body undertakes an ethical assessment and who is it composed of?

A

The Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Body (AWERB)

Scientists, senior members of animal care staff, including the vet and lay members

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11
Q

The role of AWERB

A

Undertake a cost-benefit analysis of the proposed work on a utilitarian or consequentialist ethical assessment and advise senior management on the ethical acceptability of the proposed study

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12
Q

What does the AWERB cost-benefit analysis do?

A

Weight up the expected benefits against the likely suffering

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13
Q

Limitations of utilitarian or consquentialist ethics

A

Decisions are dependent upon the information available at the time
Actions that are ethically acceptable today may become unjustifiable as further knowledge is acquired

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14
Q

Criticisms of ethical assessments made using utilitarian or consequentialist ethics

A

Tend to support actions that “serve the greater good” and therefore may discriminate against minority groups
Often involves a high level of uncertainty
The circumstance under which the assessment is being made can influence the outcome

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15
Q

Who is Jeremy Bentham?

A

Philosopher - legal and social reformer
Advocate of equal rights for women and animal protection
“The question is not can they reason, nor can they talk, but can they suffer?”

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16
Q

Who is Richard Ryder?

A

Coined the term “speciesism”
Argues that since humans are the product of animal evolution it is wrong to distinguish between animals and humans on moral issues

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17
Q

Who is Peter Singer?

A

Animal liberation
Argues that although differences exist between animals and humans, they both share the capacity to suffer, and therefore deserve equal consideration with respect to minimising suffering

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18
Q

% Antivivisectionists in the UK

A

10

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19
Q

% People in the UK that consider action taken against those involved in animal research to be a justifiable form of protest

A

25

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20
Q

Number animals used in research each year in UK

A

4.1 million

1 for every 15 people

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21
Q

Number of animals killed for other reasons

A

2.5 billion

40 per person

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22
Q

Number of animals killed for other reasons (number for each reason)

A 
1.3 billion - fish
900 million - livestock
70 million - road traffic
2 million - rodents by pest control
13,000 - euthanized by vets
(220 million rodents and birds by pet cats)
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23
Q

Percentage animals used in research in UK

A 
81% rodents (7% rats, 74% mice, over 50% GM)
12% fish (mainly GM)
4% birds (mainly poultry)
1% dogs, cats horses
0.1% primates (4,000)
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24
Q

Possible alternatives to animal studies

A

Should be used when possible
Cell, tissue and organ cultures
Computer models
None truly replicate

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25
Q

True of false - There is a legal requirement to confirm the safety and efficacy of new drugs, novel compounds and medical interventions in animals before humans

A

True

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26
Q

Product testing that is not permitted

A

Banned in EU since 2004
Safety testing of cosmetics and household products
Illegal to sell these products that have been tested on animals

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27
Q

The purpose of the ASPA

A

To enable regulated procedures and killing to be performed on protected animals for a permissible purpose

28
Q

Define regulated procedures

A

Anything that has the potential to cause pain, suffering, distress or lasting harm
Including things done both directly and indirectly (indirectly e.g. withholding food and water)

29
Q

What is the lower threshold?

A

Anything causing pain , suffering or distress equivalent to or more than that cause by the insertion of a hypodermic needle

30
Q

Examples of regulated procedures

A

GM
Administration of an analgesic or anaesthetic (unless for schedule 1 killing)
Anything done to an anaesthesia animal that would have caused pain if it had been conscious

31
Q

Steps taken to minimise pain caused by regulated procedures

A

Must be carried out under general, regional or local anaesthesia

32
Q

Exceptions to regulated procedures steps

A

Use of anaesthetic is:
Incompatible with the purpose of the study
Administration is more stressful than the procedure itself

33
Q

Define non-regulated procedures

A

Anything that is done to a protected animal as part of its normal husbandry even if it causes pain, suffering or distress

34
Q

Is killing a regulated procedure?

A

No, provided it is done using a method:
Listed in Schedule 1 of ASPA
Specified in the establishment licence
Performed using a recognised slaughter method for the species

35
Q

When can you use a regulated procedure killing?

A

If specified in a Project Licence and performed by a Personal Licence Holder who is competent in the specified killing method

36
Q

What is Schedule 1?

A

Lists the methods of killing that may be used by someone who doesn’t hold a Personal Licence under the ASPA

37
Q

Who can Schedule 1 methods be performed by?

A

A person competent in the technique who is either registered with the institution for that specific method or holds a Personal Licence

38
Q

Who is assessment of Schedule 1 done by?

A

The Named Animal Care and Welfare Officer (NACWO)

39
Q

Anaesthetic overdose subjects

A

All animals

40
Q

Exposure to a rising concentration of carbon dioxide subjects

A

Rodents and birds <1.5 kg

Not neonatal rodents

41
Q

Dislocation of the neck with prior sedation or anaesthesia in rodents >150g and birds >250g subjects

A

Rodents <500g
Rabbits <1kg
Birds <1kg

42
Q

Concussion subjects

A

Rodents and rabbits <1kg
Birds <250g
Amphibians and reptiles <1kg
Fish

43
Q

Anaesthetic overdose subjects - Foetuses and embryos

A

All animals

44
Q

Refrigeration, disruption of membranes, maceration or prolonged exposure of carbon dioxide at near 100% concentration subjects - Foetuses and embryos

A

Birds

Reptiles

45
Q

Cooling followed by immersion in cold tissue fixative subjects - Foetuses and embryos

A

Mice
Rats
Rabbits

46
Q

Decapitation subjects - Foetuses and embryos

A

Mammals and birds <50g

47
Q

Methods to ensure the animal is dead after Schedule 1 kiling

A

Checking for permanent cessation of the circulation
Destruction of the brain
Dislocation of the neck
Exsanguination
Confirming the onset of rigor mortis
Instantaneous destruction of the body in a macerator

48
Q

What is Schedule 2?

A

Lists the species that must be obtained from an ASPA registered breeder
Even if destined for Schedule 1 killing without any prior procedures

49
Q

Schedule 2 animals

A 
Mouse, rat, guinea-pig, hamster, rabbit
Dog
Cat 
Primate
Quail
Ferrets, gerbils
GM pigs and sheep
Zebra fish
Frogs (Xenopus: laevis, trolicalis; Rana: temporaria, pipiens)
50
Q

Protected animals

A

All living vertebrates (except humans)
All cephalopods
Includes:
Foteal mammals, birds and reptiles - during the last third of gestation
Fish and amphibians - from when they start feeding independently
Cephalopods - from the point of hatching

51
Q

Note about protected animals (embryonic and foetal forms)

A

Protected during the first 2/3rds of gestation if:
Going to live beyond the point at which they would become protected animals
AND
The procedure performed would result in them experiencing pain, suffering, distress or lasting harm after the point at which they become protected

52
Q

ASPA definition of living

A

Living until its circulation has stopped or its brain has been destroyed
So de-cerebrate animal is still protected
Once dead ASPA no longer applies

53
Q

The 7 permissible purposes under which work can be conducted under ASPA

A

Basic research
Translational or applied research
Efficacy and safety testing - drugs, foodstuffs etc.
Protection of the natural environment
Preserving species used in regulated procedures
Higher education or vocational skills training
Forensic inquiries
(If not covered by these not permitted by ASPA)

54
Q

Three licences required to perform regulated procedures

A 
Establishment licence (PEL)
Project licence (PPL)
Personal licence (PIL)
55
Q

Define Establishment Licence (PEL)

A

Authorises the places where work covered under ASPA can be done, including Schedule 1 killing

56
Q

Define Project Licence (PPL)

A

Authorises a programme of scientific work and lists the regulated procedures that may be performed whilst undertaking the study

57
Q

Define Personal Licence (PIL)

A

Authorises a person to perform the procedures listed in a Project licence at a Licenced Establishment

58
Q

License needed for Schedule 1 killing

A

Establishment licence

59
Q

What does an establishment licence list?

A

All the places where animals are either held, bred, used or killed under ASPA
The species that can be used in each area and the duration for which they may be kept in that area
The type of procedures permitted for each area
The six Names Individuals responsible for animal welfare and ASPA compliance at the establishment

60
Q

The 3Rs

A

Replacement
Reduction
Refinement

61
Q

Who and when were the 3Rs proposed by?

A

Russel and Burch in ‘Principles of Humane Experimentation’

1959

62
Q

Define replacement

A

Wherever possible methods that do not rely on the use of protected species should be used

63
Q

Define reduction

A

The number of animals used should be reduced to the minimum needed to achieve the scientific objective

64
Q

Refinement

A

The experiment should be designed to cause the least possible harm to the animals
The species used should be of the lowest neurophysical state suitable for the study

65
Q

Aims of the 3Rs

A

To minimise the level of animal suffering

To this end refinement takes precedence over reduction

The Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act (1 decks)

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