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GIS > Exam > Flashcards

Exam Flashcards

1
Q

2 ways to describe any element of the world

A
  1. Location information

2. Attribute information

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2
Q

5 answers GIS can give

A
  • Location
  • Condition
  • Trends
  • Patterns
  • Modelling
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3
Q

A computer-based technology designed to capture geographic data and to process these data to produce information and graphical outputs

A

Geographic Information System

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4
Q

GIS borrows from these 3 software technology

A
  • Relational database
  • CAD graphics
  • Statistical analysis
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5
Q

2 functions of GIS

A
  1. Data management
  2. Spatial analysis
    a. Overlay analysis
    b. Proximity analysis
    c. Data output
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6
Q

3 benefits of GIS

A
  • Better data management
  • Flexible map-making
  • Increased efficiency
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7
Q

3 pitfalls of GIS

A
  • No long-term planning
  • Lack of user training
  • Funding
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8
Q

1963

A

Roger Tomlinson developed the Canada GIS and introduces the term GIS

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9
Q

1964

A
  • The Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis was established under Howard Fisher
  • Symap (the first raster GIS) was created
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10
Q

1967

A

Dual Independent Map Encoding - Geographic Database Files (DIME-GDF) (a database for the census)

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11
Q

1969

A
  • Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) and Intergraph Corp. were formed
  • Ian McHarg’s “Design with Nature” (first book to describe modern GIS analysis)
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12
Q

1972

A

Landsat 1, originally named Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS) was launched

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13
Q

1981

A

ArcInfo was launched (first major commercial GIS software system)

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14
Q

1985

A

Global Positioning System (GPS) becomes operational

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15
Q

1986

A
  • MapInfo Corp was formed

- “Principles of Geographic Information Systems for Land Resources Assessment” by P. A. Burrough was published

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16
Q

1987

A

The International Journal of Geographic Information Science (first technical journal on GIS) was published

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17
Q

1988

A

GEO world was published

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18
Q

1994

A

EO 12906 led to the creation of the US National Spatial Infrastructure (NSDI) and Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC)

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19
Q

1996

A

Internet-based GIS products were introduced

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20
Q

1999

A

World GIS day was celebrated

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21
Q

2000

A

GIS industry passed the USD 7M mark and had more than 1M core users and 5M casual users

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22
Q

5 components of GIS

A
  1. Hardware
  2. Software
  3. People
  4. Organization/Methods
  5. Data
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23
Q

A powerful mapping system that runs on desktop computers

A

ArcGIS

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24
Q

3 common applications on ArcGIS

A
  1. ArcMap
  2. ArcCatalog - database
  3. ArcToolbox - geographic processing functions
25
Q

3 ArcGIS products

A
  1. ArcView
  2. ArcEditor
  3. ArcInfo
26
Q

5 map elements

A
  1. Title
  2. Map body
  3. Legend
  4. Scale bar
  5. North arrow
27
Q

2 fundamental ways of geographic representation

A
  1. Discrete objects - objects with well-defined boundaries

2. Continuous fields - finite number of variables

28
Q

2 methods of representing geographic data in digital computers

A
  1. Raster - arrays of cells

2. Vector - points, polylines, polygons

29
Q

3 map projection types

A
  1. Mercator (cylindrical)
  2. Perspective conic (conical)
  3. Ortographic (planar)
30
Q

2 coordinate systems

A
  1. Spherical/geographic coordinate system - latitude and longitude; measurement in degrees, minutes, and seconds or decimal degrees
  2. Cartesian coordinate system - x and y coordinate values; Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) is commonly used in the Philippines
31
Q

2 spheroids used in the Philippines

A
  • Clarke 1866 spheroid

- World Geodetic System 84 (WGS84)

32
Q

A point of reference used to measure locations on the surface of the earth

A

Datum

33
Q

Adjustment of Luzon 1911 datum

A

Philippine Reference System 1992

34
Q

Method of assigning locations on the Earth’s surface into a raster image (to become intelligent)

A

Georeferencing or geolocating or geocoding

35
Q

6 georeferencing lines

A

Line 1 - for x-axis, bottom righthand corner minus upper lefthand corner, divided by image width

Line 2 - compression from sides

Line 3 - compression from top to bottom

Line 4 - for y-axis, bottom righthand corner minus upper lefthand corner, divided by image width

Line 5 - x-value at top left corner

Line 6 - y-value at top left corner

36
Q

A reduced and simplified model of reality containing geographical information

A

Maps

37
Q

Includes all aspects of the cultural and physical environments

A

Milieu

38
Q

3 basic map contents

A
  1. Primary content
  2. Secondary - includes topo base, boundaries, grid and graticule
  3. Supportive/marginal
39
Q

3 kinds of scale

A
  • Numerical
  • Graphical
  • Verbal
40
Q

3 types of maps

A
  1. General - physical and cultural features
  2. Thematic
  3. Analytical - overlay analysis
41
Q

4 kinds of thematic maps

A
  1. Choropleth - evenly distributed phenomena (population density maps)
  2. Proportional/graduated symbols
  3. Isarithmic - smooth continuous phenomena (contour maps)
  4. Dot (John Snow’s cholera map)
42
Q

A set of constructs for describing and representing selected aspects of the real world in a computer

A

Data model

43
Q

7 geographic data models used in GIS

A
  1. Computer-aided design
  2. Graphical
  3. Image
  4. Raster
  5. Vector
  6. Network - flow of goods and services
  7. Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) - represents a surface as contiguous non-overlapping triangular elements (Delaunay triangulation)
44
Q

4 levels of data model abstraction

A
  1. Reality
  2. Conceptual model - obejcts relevant to a particular problem domain
  3. Logical model - implementation-oriented representation (diagrams and lists)
  4. Physical model - portrays actual implementation (files or databases)
45
Q

The process of converting both paper and digital geographic data to GIS format; bottleneck of GIS operations

A

Data input

46
Q

5 steps of data collection workflow

A
  • Planning
  • Preparation
  • Digitizing/transfer
  • Editing
  • Evaluation
47
Q

2 classifications of geographic data for data collection purposes

A
  1. Primary data capture
    • Raster: photogrammetry
      (aerial photos) and remote
      sensing (satellites)
    • Vector: ground surveying (total station)
      and global positioning system
  2. Secondary data capture
    • Raster: scanners
    • Vector: manual digitizing and heads-up
      digitizing
48
Q

Formula for digitizing accuracy

A

1mm x map scale

49
Q

If GPS is for US, _____ is for Russia and _____ is for Europe

A

GLONASS, GNSS

50
Q

3 kinds of errors in data input

A
  1. Entity errors - dangling node, missing labels, sliver polygons
  2. Attribute errors - missing attributes
  3. Other problems - edge matching
51
Q

A sampled array of elevation (z) at regularly spaced intervals in the x and y directions

A

Digital Elevation Model (DEM)

52
Q

3 DEM data sources

A
  1. GTOPO30 - 1 km resolution
  2. Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) - 90 m resolution
  3. Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiomete (ASTER) - 30 m resolution
53
Q

The crux of GIS, the means of adding value to geographic data and turning data into useful information

A

Spatial analysis

54
Q

5 types of spatial analysis

A
  1. Queries - most basic
  2. Measurements
  3. Transformations - edge matching, clipping, proximity analysis, overlay analysis
  4. Descriptive summaries - measures of central tendency are mean, median, and mode
  5. Optimization - location-allocation problems, and routing problems
55
Q

Point that minimizes the sum of squared distances

A

Centroid

56
Q

Point that minimizes total straight-line distance

A

Minimum Aggregate Travel (MAT)

57
Q

4 classifications of planning tasks

A
  1. Urban management
  2. Site selection
  3. Impact assessment
  4. Strategic planning
58
Q

Data used in the Philippines

A
  • Luzon 1911 datum (Marinduque)

- World Geodetic System 84 (earth-centered datum)

GIS (1 decks)

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