Exam Flashcards
What is EMB
evidence base medicine -
− Integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values
− Getting important information to clinicians is vital, but difficult in light of information overload and time-constraints
what is Research
systematic studies that establish facts and reach new conclusions
what is data
pieces of factual information in the form of measurements or statistics
What is evidence
information used to form a conclusion; stronger or weaker depending on the source, quantity, methods
what is Randomize Clinical Trial (RCT)
volunteers randomly assigned to study groups to compare two treatments/interventions
o Experimental groups vs. comparison group (usually a standard of care, placebo, or nothing)
what is systematic review
use of scientific methods to search and summarize all available studies addressing a research question
what is Meta Analysis
use of statistical methods to combine data from studies included in a systematic review
o Systematic reviews and meta-analyses are a solution to reducing large amounts of information into manageable pieces so that it can be more easily disseminated and implemented
Why do research question matter?
Important to ask the right question to get the best answer!
What kind of research question is this and type of study to answer them? : How can a problem be prevented?
Prevention - Randomize Controlled Trial
Will detecting early before symptoms make a difference in outcomes?
Screening - Randomize Controlled Trial
How good is a test at detecting?
Diagnostic Accuracy - Randomize Controlled Trial/ Cohort studies
What is the likely outcome?
Prognosis - Cohort studies
What is the portion of the population that is NEWLY diagnosed in a time period?
Incidence - Cohort studies
What portion of a population has the disease?
Prevalence - Cohort studies / Cross-sectional studies
What cause it?
Etiology - Cohort studies
What should be done to treat it ?
Therapy-RCT
Will there be negative effect?
Harm - RCT, cohort, case control
What is PICO
Population - Intervention - comparison - Outcome
Define Cross Sectional studies
study measuring distribution of some characteristics in a population at a particular point in time (snapshot)
Define Case-Control studies
compares people with a specific disease or outcome (case) to people who do not have the disease or outcome (controls) to find associations between outcomes and risk factors, looking retrospectively
Define Cohort studies
defined group of people followed over time; outcomes in subsets are compared to analyze variables
Define Randomized Controlled Trial
experiment with two interventions; compared by randomly allocating participants
What is Absolute Risk?
risk of an outcome of a given treatment - The percentage.
What is Absolute Risk Difference?
change in the risk of an outcome of a given treatment in relation to a comparative one
- Drug A has a risk of 1%, Drug B has a risk of 3%
- The absolute risk difference is 2%
What is Relative Risk?
risk ratio) ratio of risks in two groups; ratio of risk between intervention and control
- Ratio = 1 = no difference
- Ratio < 1 = less risky
- Ratio > 1 = more risky
- Drug A: Drug B —> 0.01:0.03 –> RR = 0.33
What is Relative Risk Difference?
(relative risk reduction) proportional reduction in risk of one treatment group compared to another
“ If risk ratio is 0.33, then relative risk reduction is 1 - 0.33 = 0.66, or 66% “better”
