Exam

Question 1

What is EMB

Answer 1

evidence base medicine -
− Integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values
− Getting important information to clinicians is vital, but difficult in light of information overload and time-constraints

Question 2

what is Research

Answer 2

systematic studies that establish facts and reach new conclusions

Question 3

what is data

Answer 3

pieces of factual information in the form of measurements or statistics

Question 4

What is evidence

Answer 4

information used to form a conclusion; stronger or weaker depending on the source, quantity, methods

Question 5

what is Randomize Clinical Trial (RCT)

Answer 5

volunteers randomly assigned to study groups to compare two treatments/interventions
o Experimental groups vs. comparison group (usually a standard of care, placebo, or nothing)

Question 6

what is systematic review

Answer 6

use of scientific methods to search and summarize all available studies addressing a research question

Question 7

what is Meta Analysis

Answer 7

use of statistical methods to combine data from studies included in a systematic review
o Systematic reviews and meta-analyses are a solution to reducing large amounts of information into manageable pieces so that it can be more easily disseminated and implemented

Question 8

Why do research question matter?

Answer 8

Important to ask the right question to get the best answer!

Question 9

What kind of research question is this and type of study to answer them? : How can a problem be prevented?

Answer 9

Prevention - Randomize Controlled Trial

Question 10

Will detecting early before symptoms make a difference in outcomes?

Answer 10

Screening - Randomize Controlled Trial

Question 11

How good is a test at detecting?

Answer 11

Diagnostic Accuracy - Randomize Controlled Trial/ Cohort studies

Question 12

What is the likely outcome?

Answer 12

Prognosis - Cohort studies

Question 13

What is the portion of the population that is NEWLY diagnosed in a time period?

Answer 13

Incidence - Cohort studies

Question 14

What portion of a population has the disease?

Answer 14

Prevalence - Cohort studies / Cross-sectional studies

Question 15

What cause it?

Answer 15

Etiology - Cohort studies

Question 16

What should be done to treat it ?

Answer 16

Therapy-RCT

Question 17

Will there be negative effect?

Answer 17

Harm - RCT, cohort, case control

Question 18

What is PICO

Answer 18

Population - Intervention - comparison - Outcome

Question 19

Define Cross Sectional studies

Answer 19

study measuring distribution of some characteristics in a population at a particular point in time (snapshot)

Question 20

Define Case-Control studies

Answer 20

compares people with a specific disease or outcome (case) to people who do not have the disease or outcome (controls) to find associations between outcomes and risk factors, looking retrospectively

Question 21

Define Cohort studies

Answer 21

defined group of people followed over time; outcomes in subsets are compared to analyze variables

Question 22

Define Randomized Controlled Trial

Answer 22

experiment with two interventions; compared by randomly allocating participants

Question 23

What is Absolute Risk?

Answer 23

risk of an outcome of a given treatment - The percentage.

Question 24

What is Absolute Risk Difference?

Answer 24

change in the risk of an outcome of a given treatment in relation to a comparative one

• Drug A has a risk of 1%, Drug B has a risk of 3%
• The absolute risk difference is 2%

Question 25

What is Relative Risk?

Answer 25

risk ratio) ratio of risks in two groups; ratio of risk between intervention and control

• Ratio = 1 = no difference
• Ratio < 1 = less risky
• Ratio > 1 = more risky
• Drug A: Drug B —> 0.01:0.03 –> RR = 0.33

Question 26

What is Relative Risk Difference?

Answer 26

(relative risk reduction) proportional reduction in risk of one treatment group compared to another
“ If risk ratio is 0.33, then relative risk reduction is 1 - 0.33 = 0.66, or 66% “better”