EXAM

Question 1

Periods of parental developement and their characteristics?

Answer 1

Germinal 1-2 weeks: Implantation of blastocyte (Developement of ambilical cord and placenta)

Embryonic 3-8 Weeks: Central nervous system, internal organs, muscles, and skeletan begin to form

Foetal Week 9 to end broken into Three Sections:

 - First trimester: organs, muscles, ect
 - Second: Mother can feel movement, synapses form rapidly
  - Third: reaches viability, extensive body growth

Question 2

Three types of medical interventions of pregnancy?

Answer 2

Analgesic (e.g., epidural) to relieve pain and
help a mother relax. Tends to weaken
contraction and prolongs labour. Exposed
newborns tend to have lower Apgar scores.

 Instrument delivery (forceps, suction cup). Used
when the mother’s pushing does not move the
baby through the birth canal.

Induced labour is started artificially by
breaking the water amnion and providing a
synthetic hormone that stimulates
contractions. May be chosen when well-being of
mother or baby is threatened with continued
pregnancy.

Question 3

What is anoxia?

Answer 3

Oxygen deprivation at birth

Question 4

What is considered a premature baby?

Answer 4

Preterm infants are babies born before 35 weeks of

pregnancy. small-for-date infants are babies born below their expected weight given the length of the pregnancy.

Question 5

What is infant mortality and what is a precurser in this?

Answer 5

Infant mortality: the number of deaths
in the first year of life per 1000 lives
births.

Two leading factors for death of
newborns are serious physical defects
and low birth weight. The former does
not differ much across ethnicity or
income levels, but the latter does. Low
birth weight is associated with poverty
and weak health care system.

Infant mortality tends to be higher in
developing societies, where fertility rate
is also high. Infant mortality has been
declining in many societies.

Question 6

What is the apgar scale?

Answer 6

Apgar score is a method to quickly summarize the health of newborn children

Score of 7 or better: good condition

Score between 4 and 6: baby needs assistance

Score of 3 or lower: baby is in serious danger and needs medical attention

Question 7

What is postnatal depression?

Answer 7

Severe or prolonged symptoms of depression (clinical depression) that last more than 1 week or 2, and interfere with the ability to function on a daily basis with normal routines including caring for a baby

Question 8

What is the rooting reflex?

Answer 8

: when cheek near corner of mouth is stroked, baby turns head toward source of stimulation.
Disappears after about 3 weeks. Helps a breastfed baby find the mother’s nipple.

Question 9

What is the moro reflex?

Answer 9

Stimulation: sudden loss of support on back or loud
noise

Response: back arch, arm extended outward and inward
toward the body.
-Age of Disappearance: 6 months
-Function: may have helped infant
cling to mother.

Question 10

What is the The Babinski reflex?

Answer 10

• Stimulation: stroke sole of foot from toe toward heel
• Response: toes fan out and curl as foot twists in.
• Age of Disappearance: 6-12 months
• Function: unknown

Question 11

Two main factors of physical growth?

Answer 11

Heredity: when diet and health are adequate, height and rate of physical growth are largely determined by heredity.

Nutrition. Breast milk is an ideal source of nutrition. WHO recommends breastfeeding until age 2 with solid food added at 6 months.

Question 12

What is Experience-expectant brain growth?

Answer 12

Depends on ordinary experiences “expected” by brain
for normal growth

Occurs early and naturally

Question 13

what is Experience-dependent brain growth?

Answer 13

Results from specific learning experiences
Varies widely across individuals and cultures
Rushing early learning overwhelms the brain’s neural
circuits.

Question 14

Fine motor developement?

Answer 14

Newborns: bring their hands into their
field of vision. Also, show uncoordinated
swipes (prereaching) that rarely contact
the object. These behaviours suggest
that babies are biologically prepared to
coordinate hand with eyes in the act of
exploring.
3-4 months: reaching appears more
purposeful and accurate. Grasp reflex
replaced by the ulnar grasp.
4-5 months: with infants beginning to
sit up, hands become coordinated in
exploring objects.
~1 year: use the thumb and index finger
to manipulate objects (pincer grasp

Question 15

Stages of developement vision?

Answer 15

Focus: 2 months
Color Vision: 4 months
Visual Acuity: 4 year
Tracking objects: 6 months

Question 16

What is piagets theory?

Answer 16

Piaget understood children as motivated explorers
whose thinking develops as they act directly on the
environment. Through these experiences,
children’s mind forms schemes, or organised ways
of making sense of experiences.

Schemes are constantly adjusted to achieve a better
fit with the external world. With assimilation,
current scheme is used to understand the new
information. With accommodation, current scheme
is modified after noticing that the current scheme
does not capture the reality. Schemes are constantly adjusted to achieve a better
fit with the external world. With assimilation,
current scheme is used to understand the new
information. With accommodation, current scheme
is modified after noticing that the current scheme
does not capture the reality.

Question 17

Piagets 4 stages?

Answer 17

Sensorimotor (0-2yrs): Object permanence developement

Preoperational (2-7yrs): Conservation developed

Concrete (7-11yrs): Conservation

Formal Operations (11+): Hypothetic-deductive
reasoning.

Question 18

What is attatchment?

Answer 18

Attachment refers to the strong emotional tie an
infant forms with familiar others to experience
pleasure and joy and to be comforted in times of
stress

Question 19

Bowlbys theory of attatchment? and its stages?

Answer 19

Bowlby analysed infant’s emotional
tie to caregiver from an evolutionary
perspective and proposed that the
tie had aided survival in the
ancestral environment.

Pre-attachment (~ 6weeks): Built-in behaviours (e.g.,
grasping, smiling, crying and gazing into eyes) help bring babies close contact with caregiver.

Attachment in the making (~8 months): Begin to develop asense of trust, that the caregiver will respond when signalled.

Attachment formed (~2yrs): attachment is evident. Children display separation anxiety, becoming upset when a trusted
caregiver leaves

Question 20

The different measurements of attatchment?

Answer 20

Secure Attachment
Use the parents as a secure base. May or may not cry in their absence. When the parent returns, express clear pleasure and crying is reduced immediately.

Insecure-Avoidant Attachment
Unresponsive to the parent when he or she is present. When the parent leaves, typically not distressed and react to the stranger in much the same way. During the reunion they avoid or are slow to greet the parent.

Insecure-Resistant Attachment
Before separation, seek closeness to the parent and often fail to explore. When
the parent leaves, usually distressed and on his/her return they combine
clinginess with angry, resistive behaviour or with an anxious focus on the parent. Can not be easily comforted.

Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment
Pattern reflects the greatest insecurity. At reunion, often show confused, contradictory behaviours, for example looking away while the parent is holding or approaching the parent with flat emotions

Question 21

types of parenting styles?

Answer 21

Authorataram, Authoritative, Permissive, and Uninvolved

Question 22

What is a delay of gratification task?

Answer 22

Emergence of self-control is tested by a
task that requires delay of gratification,
waiting for an appropriate time and
place to engage in a tempting act.
In an delay of gratification experiment, a
child is led into a room and seated in
front of some item (e.g., marshmallow).
The child is left alone and told that they
could get 2 marshmallows if they could
wait for X minutes.