exam

Question 1

which is the best conclusion?

Answer 1

it’s mainly chronic stress and not short term stress that is bad for physical health

Question 2

Vast quantity of peer-reviewed articles is one of the reasons why scientific literature is important. How many peer-reviewed articles are there published in overall science?

Answer 2

3-4/min

Question 3

What is the difference between physical and psychological stressors?

Answer 3

Physical stressors relate to direct threat, while psychological stressors relate to perceived threat.

Question 4

What is the correct order in which organs influence each other?

Answer 4

cerebral cortex -> hypothalamus -> pituitary gland -> target organs

Question 5

What is the function of cardiovascular and hormonal changes in the fight-or-flight response?

Answer 5

Take extra oxygen and fuel to the muscles, suppress other physiological activity, limit tissue damage and strong sensations.

Question 6

A keyword profile is important for finding cutting edge knowledge and…

Answer 6

a literature review must be variable and replicable

Question 7

Human stress = preparation without action. What is meant by this?

Answer 7

In stress situations humans, unlike animals, only prepare themselves for action (particularly flight-or-fight response), but are rarely or never able or allowed to perform this action.

Question 8

Which of the following statements best expresses the essence of the ‘yoked’ control design by Brady, Weiss and others, used to investigate the effect of controllability or predictability of stress on animals?

Answer 8

Both animals are subjected to the same amount of aversiveness, but the animal that has control will experience the most stress.

Question 9

Sapolsky names at least three traits that result in highest cortisol levels in baboons and correspond reasonably well with human traits that constitute a risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. What are they?

Answer 9

Not releasing frustration; not taking the initiative in a threatening situation; not distinguishing between threatening and neutral situations

Question 10

Type A personality is found to be the most powerful predictor of cardiovascular disease. Which of its components appeared to be most predictive?

Answer 10

hostility

Question 11

Low socio-economic status (SES) is found to be a risk factor for disease and premature death. This high risk is due to the fact that compare to people with a relatively higher SES, people with a relatively low SES…

Answer 11

… run this higher risk because of factors such as an unhealthy life style, lower education, and lower income and -independent from these factors- also because they suffer more stress.

Question 12

Atherosclerosis (clogging/hardening of arteries) is one of the most important chronic diseases in the western world. How can stress contribute to its development?

Answer 12

Stress can cause constant high blood pressure resulting in damage to and inflammation of the blood vessel walls, on which fatty and other materials are deposited.

Question 13

Why was the discovery of the link between stress and the immune system so important for health?

Answer 13

The immune system is a major defense system against disease agents

Question 14

Which statement is false? In the stress response, the functions of cortisol include:

a) to support the stress response and to suppress the immune system
b) to support the stress response and at the same time limit damage caused by long-term stress response
c) to support the stress response and strengthen negative sensations such as pain
d) to release extra sugars and fatty acids for burning in the muscles

Answer 14

C) F

Question 15

Within a stress response, the function of suppressing the immune response (after an initial
increase) is not entirely clear. What is now regarded as the probable function, according to Sapolsky?

Answer 15

To ensure that the initial increase does not cause an autoimmune disease (= ‘attacking the body’s own tissue’)

Question 16

The best answer to Sapolsky’s ‘Why zebra’s don’t get ulcers’ is:

Answer 16

Animals get fewer stress-related somatic diseases because they experience fewer long-term stressors

Question 17

Insulin is released in the pancreas under the influence of:

Answer 17

activation of the parasympathetic nervous system

Question 18

A childhood lacking love and attachment can inhibit growth. What is Sapolsky’s explanation for this?

Answer 18

The production and effects of the ‘growth hormone’ are suppressed

Question 19

Stress can accelerate aging. Why?

Answer 19

Slower recovery and chronically higher resting levels, of for example cortisol, cause
increasing damage and dysregulation in several organs and tissues.

Question 20

Cortisol plays an important part in aging. What does the ‘glucocorticoid neurotoxicity
hypothesis’ entail?

Answer 20

That each episode of greatly raised cortisol activation further disturbs the neuronal control centre of this hormone, thus causing an ever-higher cortisol level, which has a negative number of negative physiological consequences.

Question 21

A two-dimension model of emotion hold that emotions can be described as coordinates on the dimensions arousal/effort and negative valence/loss of control. This model can help explain the disease risk of negative emotions because:

Answer 21

High effort and negative valence are associated with a strong physiological response.

Question 22

‘perspective cognition’ is a term used…

Answer 22

for continuous cognitive representations of stressful events.

Question 23

The role of worry (and related phenomena such as rumination) in the link between stress and illness is thought to be the following:

Answer 23

Worry mediates the effect of stressors on prolonged physiological activation.

Question 24

Which of the statements express the importance of the finding that stress leads to prolonged high physiological activity?
I: …..
II: …..

Answer 24

A: Both I and II.

Question 25

Repressors measured using the repressor style paradigm are defined as:

Answer 25

High on Marlowe-C.. social distractibility and high on trait anxiety.

Question 26

Which of the following statements is true?

Answer 26

Pain is no more than a reflex response to harmful internal or external stimuli.

Question 27

Stress-induced hyperalgesia is the consequence of:

Answer 27

activation of emotional areas in the brain.

Question 28

The same part of the brain is often used for several different functions. This is the case for
the neural alarm system. This could explain the relationship between:

Answer 28

pain and negative emotions

Question 29

A woman with arthritis in her hip goes to the emergency room after falling of her bike and dropping the groceries from her shopping bag. …..

Answer 29

analgesia

Question 30

What is the difference between sudden pain and slow and diffuse pain?

Answer 30

In the case of slow and diffuse pain the inhibitory interneuron is not activated

Question 31

….. a distinction is made between challenge stressors and hinderance. Which different influences are being assumed?

Answer 31

Challenge and hinderance both impair health and well-being, however hindrance stressors impair work performance, whereas challenge stressors improve job performance.

Question 32

Karasek’s job demand-job control made (?) between four types of jobs. What is the ideal job according to the model?

Answer 32

the active job

Question 33

According to the person-environment fit theory, stress reactions result from a misfit between:
??
the demands of the work environment and the personal needs and values of the employee

Abilities and competence

Answer 33

either of the 2

Question 34

Which of the following terms is the most appropriate keyword for the effort-reward imbalance model by Siegrist?

Answer 34

reciprocity

Question 35

Which of the following is a correct description of the “drift hypothesis”?

Answer 35

Poor health drift bad jobs (??????)

Question 36

Which of the following sources enable you to distinguish between peer-reviewed publications and other information?

Answer 36

databases such as Web of Science (but not (?) Google scholar and academic books)

Question 37

Which of the following coping styles are consistently associated with lower cortisol, stress- response in parents of children with cancer, during the various phases of the disease (including death)?

I: Denial of the seriousness of the situation.

II. The parents ability to cognitively convert a serious threat into something less serious.

Answer 37

only coping II

Question 38

What is true?

I: Denial is a good coping mechanism in all stress situations.

II: It is always good to give information as long as it is plenty of time before the stressor occurs.

Answer 38

both F

Question 39

Which of the following stress management techniques can help to reduce the physiological stress response to a stressor?

Answer 39

I, II and III

Question 40

Which statement is/are true?

I: Regular physical exercise reduces physiological stressors.

II: Voluntary physical exercise and forced physical exercise have the same effect on health; the effect of physical exercise is determined only by the frequency, duration, and type of exercise.

Answer 40

I is T

II is F