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Packaging Technology and Development > Exam > Flashcards

Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Name the megatrends

A

Urbanisation, Sustainability in action everywhere, Mobility revolution, Digitalization&connectivity, Transformation of value chains, and Beyond demographics

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2
Q

Describe challenges with Urbanisation?

A

Consume a lot-doesn’t produce

Supply of food/beverage packaging crucial

Developing packaging solutions for tough climate SCs

Recycling systems within cities

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3
Q

Describe challenges with Sustainability in action everywhere?

A

Willingsness to pay more for sustainable brands

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4
Q

Describe challenges with Mobility revolution?

A

Increasing mobility of goods and people with less footprint and traffic jams

Automation target from manufacturing to distribution

People expects delivery anywhere&anytime

Ecommerce

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5
Q

Describe Digitalization&connectivity?

A

Everyone and everything connected

Opportunities for generation of data –> creates value

AI computers, big data

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6
Q

Describe Transformation of value chains?

A

Cut out middle hand –> directly to consumer

Value chain will disappear

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7
Q

Describe Beyond demographics?

A

Age, gender and origin are no longer key to defining consumers

People expect full customization

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8
Q

Who’s including in “user oriented innovation”?

A

Both consumers and end users

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9
Q

Define “Market segment”

A

A group of consumers with similar needs and behaviours

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10
Q

What is a consumers satisfaction determined by regarding perceived quality?

A

the difference between when they purchase it and when they use it

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11
Q

What’s the 1st and 2nd moments of truth?

A

perception of quality is created both when bought and during usage

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12
Q

Reliability in different consumer insight methods ranked best to worst?

A

Y: Reliablility
X: Distance from object/occasion

Own use
Experiments/tests
Simulations
Observations
Dialogues
Structured interviews
Focus groups
Questionnaires
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13
Q

Describe the KANO model

A

Y: Customer satisfaction
X: Degree of achievement

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14
Q

Attributes regarding quality can be divided into what categories?

A

Ergonomic

Technical

Communicative

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15
Q

What are the qualities described in the KANO model?

A 
Attractive
One-dimensional
Must-be
Indifferent
Reverse
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16
Q

Describe Attractive Quality

A

Provides satisfaction when achieved fully, but do not cause dissatisfaction when not fulfilled. Not expected.

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17
Q

Describe One-dimensional Quality

A

Satisfaction when fulfilled. Dissatisfaction when not fulfilled. “Get 10% extra”

only gets 6% extra…

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18
Q

Describe Must-be Quality

A

Taken for granted when fulfilled. Dissatisfaction when not fulfilled. Basic attributes like milk package not leaking

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19
Q

Describe Indifferent Quality

A

Neither good or bad. Like skånemejeriers 101001010 different yoghurt packaging flavourdependent colours

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20
Q

Describe Reverse Quality

A

Making it worse (at least for some consumers).

consumers perfer different things

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21
Q

Describe Perceived Quality

A

what a potential buyer expects to get out of a new product

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22
Q

Describe Quality expectation

A

will this be purchased once?

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23
Q

Describe Fulfilment of expectations

A

will this be purchased again?

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24
Q

What are the innovation ways of working?

A

Exploiting -plan ahead (chess)

Exploatory -gamble (poker)

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25
Q

Describe the Empathy map

A 
What does he/she...
..think/feel
..hear
..see
..say/do

Pain points
Gain points

So what…The insight

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26
Q

Describe the innovation reactor principle

A

Input –> Insighting –> Ideation –> Implementation

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27
Q

Describe the insighting phase of the innovation reactor?

A 
Convergent
Observation/interviews
Early adapters/target groups
Identify similar technologies used in other industries
Maps over- and underserved areas
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28
Q

Describe the Ideation phase of the innovation reactor?

A

Diverging

No real failures, only learning

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29
Q

Describe the Implementation phase of the innovation reactor?

A

Don’t evaluate on your own (biased and emotionally involved)

Converging

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30
Q

Why does gas move in and out of the package?

A

Differences in partial pressure ( ΔP)

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31
Q

What can degrade food?

A

Temperature
Light
Oxygen
Micro-organisms

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32
Q

What protects food?

A

Nitrogen

Carbon dioxide

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33
Q

What is MAP?

A

Modified Atmosphere Packaging

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34
Q

How does MAP work?

A

Evacuation of air
Gas flushing
Sealing

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35
Q

Why do we use MAP?

A

longer shelf life

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36
Q

How much of the produced food is food waste?

A

40%!!!!!!!!

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37
Q

List the most commonly used packaging polymers

A

PE polyethylene

PP polypropylene

PET polyester

Poly(EVOH) ethylene vinyl alchohol

Nylon polyamide

PVC poly vinyl chloride

PS polystyrene

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38
Q

Describe PE

A

softest, sealing, water barrier

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39
Q

Describe PP

A

soft, sealing, water barrier, heat resistance, trays for microwaveable foods, bottles for ketchup

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40
Q

Describe PET

A

stiff, amorphous, sealing, gas barrier, bottles, jars, boil/microwaveable bags

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41
Q

Describe Poly(EVOH)

A

extremely good gas and aroma barrier, hydrophilic (sensitive to moisture), often sandwiched between moisture layers like PP

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42
Q

Describe Nylon (PA)

A

strength, toughness, gas barrier, heat resistance, often sandwiched between moisture layers like PP

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43
Q

Describe PVC

A

fairly stiff, thermo forming, gas barrier

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44
Q

Describe PS

A

stiff, thermo forming, trays for meat, egg cartons

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45
Q

Big bulky atoms/groups lead to..

A

..stiff plastics

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46
Q

What polymer can be recycled to be a new food package?

A

PET

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47
Q

How can one improve the properties of recycled PET?

A

Cover it with virgin PET on both sides.

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48
Q

Why is PET suitable for recycling into new packaging?

A

Excellent taste and odour barrier

Medium high oxygen barrier

Melt flow properties
(works in injection moulding, film blowing, extrusion)

Broken chains can be mended back to long chains by drying and heating

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49
Q

Name hazardous substances in plastic

A 
Phtalates
Bisphenol A (BPA)
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50
Q

What plastic often includes Phtalates and where/how is it used?

A

PVC

  • not used in packaging in Nordic countries since >30 years
  • common in medical packaging
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51
Q

What plastic often includes BPA (Bisphenol A) and where/how is it used?

A

PC -poly carbonate

BPA is the monomer for PC

PC not common packaging polymer

Epoxy contains BPA –> coatings inside food/beverage cans

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52
Q

What type of plastic is often used when making package closures?

A

Thermosets

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53
Q

Pros of plastics?

A

Inexpensive

Flexible

Moldable

Shock-resistance

Recyclable

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54
Q

Cons of plastics?

A

Permeability to gas/vapour/aroma

Food components can sorb into plastic

Low compressive strength

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55
Q

What is HDPE used for?

A

bottles for milk, water, juice

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56
Q

What is LDPE used for?

A

bags

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57
Q

What are the different raw materials for paper production?

A

Soft wood

Hard wood

Recycled

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58
Q

Describe Soft wood

A

Pine and spruce

long, tough, strong

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59
Q

Describe hard wood

A

Birch

short, dense, stiff

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60
Q

What is recycled raw materials for paper production made of?

A

recycled fibers

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61
Q

What types of fibres are there?

A

Virgin fibres

Recycled fibres

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62
Q

Describe Virgin fibres

A

Long, strong

Well known origin and board properties

Lighter paper for same performance

Pure, food proof, odour neutral

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63
Q

Describe Recycled fibres

A

Short, weak, dusty

Remains of ink, glue, plastic
-difficult to control

No odour safety

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64
Q

How many times can fibres be recycled?

A

Up to 7 times

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65
Q

What kinds of paper board are there?

A

Corrugated and Carton

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66
Q

Describe Corrugated board

A

Built up by atleast 3 papers, individually produced

Endless combining possibilities of these papers inside the board

Used as primary, secondary and tertiary

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67
Q

Describe Carton board

A

Sevreal layers with different properties

Pre-determined strength level

Can be cut, folded, formed etc.

Mainly primary packaging

Above 200g/m^2

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68
Q

What are corrugated board constructed of?

A

Fluting and Liner

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69
Q

What types of fluting are there?

A

Semi Chemical Fluting

Recycled Fluting

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70
Q

What types of Liner are there?

A

Kraft Liner

Testliner 1, 2, 3, and 4

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71
Q

Describe Semi Chemical Fluting

A

Stiffer

Short fibre

Mostly made from Semi Chemical primary fibre pulp

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72
Q

Describe Recycled Fluting

A

Mostly made from recycled fibre based paper

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73
Q

Describe Kraft Liner

A

Long + Short fibres

Mostly made from primary kraft pulp

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74
Q

Describe Testliner 1,2,3 and 4

A

Mostly made from recycled fibre based paper

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75
Q

What’s an important parameter for paper boxes?

A

Stacking strength

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76
Q

What is BCT?

A

Box Compression Test

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77
Q

What does BCT depend on?

A

Board properties :

BCT= f( ECT, Bending stiffness)

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78
Q

What is ECT?

A

Edge Crush Test

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79
Q

Where is >70% of box compression strength placed?

A

In the corners

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80
Q

What’s the correlation between panel hight and strength of the box?

A

A high panel –> weaker box

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81
Q

What tests are performed on paper boxes regarding transport?

A

Climate

Drop

Compression

Vibration

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82
Q

What types of water resistant barriers are used for paper boxes

A

Waxing

Plastic film

Aluminum film

Coating

Fibre based barriers

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83
Q

What is Off Flavour?

A

Components from e.g. PE and paper board can migrate into the food product.

In sensitive products like water, those components can introduce a recognisable Off Flavour

84
Q

What is ESC?

A

Environmental Stress Cracking

85
Q

What can induce ESC in some plastic materials?

A

Food components, such as fat, edible oil, formulated tomato products.

86
Q

What is Retention (“Scalping”) ?

A

Aroma components from food can migrate into the inside coatings

Thinner inside coatings absorb LESS aroma components

87
Q

Why are thinner inside coatings often better for food products?

A

Thinner inside coatings absorb LESS aroma components

88
Q

What problems exists regarding food spoilage?

A

Product adhering to package surface

Loss of desirable properties (colour, smell, taste, texture)

Loss of nutritional properties (vitamins)

Development of undesirable properties (toxins, pathogenic micro-organisms)

89
Q

Name pros with Alu Foil

A

+ Impermeable to gas (oxygen penetrates through cracks though)

+High tensile stiffness

+Light barrier

+Moisture barrier

+Flavour barrier

+Induction sealing

90
Q

Name cons with Alu Foil

A
  • Contributes to carbon footprint.
91
Q

How can one lower carbon footprint in “layer -packaging”

A

Less layers

Replace Alu Foil with EVOH

92
Q

Material structute of a commonly used tetra pak box. List layers from outside to inside

A
  1. LDPE
    - moisture protection
  2. Paper board
    - to print and stiffness
  3. LDPE
    - adhesive between alu foil and paper board
  4. Alu Foil
    - stiffness, barrier for oxygen, light, aroma, moisture…, induction sealing
  5. Adhesive
    - provide adhesion between alu foil and PE
  6. PE
    - product protection
93
Q

Define Shelf Life

A

Time that a product can be stored without becoing unfit for use, consumption or sale

94
Q

What can affect the shelf life?

A

colour, consistency, nutritional value, health safety, taste, odour

95
Q

What is Detoriation?

A

Quality related changes

96
Q

Examples of detoration?

A

Chemical reactions -oxidation

Microbal reactions -microorganisms

Biochemical reactions -enzymatic reactions

Physical reactions -texture

97
Q

What is superhydrophobic coatings?

A

nanoscopic surface layer that repels water

98
Q

What types of detorative reactions are there?

A

Intrinsic

Extrinsic

99
Q

Examples of Intrinsic reactions

A

water activity

pH

O2 content

100
Q

Examples of Extrinsic reactions

A

temperature

light

gas atmosphere

101
Q

What is IoFs?

A

Indices of Failure

102
Q

Does the dimensions of a package with a given weight of food have a large influence on shelf life?

A

yes

103
Q

Why does minimizing surface area of the packaging improve shelf life?

A

Minimize the quantity of moisyure/O2 that will permeate through

104
Q

Assuming same volume, list the shapes with smallest surface area to biggest surface area.

A 
sphere
cylinder
cube
tetrahedron
rectangular
105
Q

Why does extremely thin packages require better barrier properties?

A

Big surface area:volume ratio

106
Q

Why does smaller packages have shorter shelf life compared to big ones?

A

Due to greater surface area per unit volume

107
Q

When do you chose alu or plastic closures?

A

good for critical sealing requirements (carbonation)

soft drinks where reopening is common

suitable for high internal pressures

108
Q

When do you chose bark cork closures?

A

no pressure

for drinks like wine

problems: cork dust, leakage

109
Q

What is subtractive manufacturing?

A

“carve it out”

generate 3D-model –> CNC program –> machine away unwanted material

110
Q

What is additive manufacturing?

A

generate 3D-model –> software slices it into think slices –> machine builds it layer by layer

111
Q

To get good quality it is in additive manufacturing important to…

A

..have as thin “slices” as possible

112
Q

Will 3D printing kill traditional manufacturing?

A

NO, it’s a complementary technology

113
Q

For what medical applications can 3D-printing be used?

A

dental crowns&bridges, dental aligners, hearing aids

114
Q

What (usually) takes the longest time in the 3D-printing process?

A

Post-processing:

removing support material, heat treating, coating, colouring..

115
Q

List the 3 principles for sustainability

A
  1. “consuming the earth”
  2. “substances produced by society”
  3. degradation by physical means (deforestation, over fishing etc..)
116
Q

What 3 areas can Green Packaging Approaches be divided into?

A
  1. Product waste related &Household related
  2. Logistics related
  3. Packaging material related
117
Q

What’s the difference between developed and developing countries when it comes to food waste in the SCs?

A

developed: high food losses at the end phases
developing: hgh food losses in the beginning

118
Q

How much of the food waste in Swedish households are related to packaging?

A

ca 20-25%

119
Q

Improvements that’s product waste related:

A

Innovative portion/ready to serve package

Development regarding resealing/reclosing

Information to increase awareness of correct food storage

120
Q

Improvements that’s household related:

A

Avoid shopping by car

Support energy- and water-saving behaviour

Packages that help with correct product dosage

121
Q

Improvements that’s logistics related:

A

Maximize fill rate

Minimize cooling needs

Optimize unitilization

122
Q

EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive: Reduce the environmental impact of packaging by….

A

…reducing packaging at source

…maximizing the recovery of used packaging

…eliminating harmful materials

123
Q

Improvements that’s material related:

A

Optimize material usage

Optimal packaging

Eliminating hazardous substances

Responsible sourcing of packaging materials

Develop packaging for efficient reuse, recycling or recovery

124
Q

How can you Optimize material usage?

A

Avoid double packaging if it doesn’t fill any important function

125
Q

How can you make sure of Optimal packaging?

A

Overpack> Underpack

126
Q

How can you Eliminate hazardous substances?

A

Identify and avoid hazardous substances (BPA, phtalates, heavy metals) over the life cycle

127
Q

How can you make sure of Responsible sourcing of packaging materials?

A

FSC

how/where are raw materials extracted

128
Q

How can you prevent littering?

A

Minimize the number of seperate components (straws, spoons…)

Provide information to encourage responsible disposal

Consider what recycling bins are available in public

129
Q

How is Bio-PE created?

A

Glucose —>(fermentation)

Ethanol —> (dehydration)

Ethylene –>(polymerization)

Polyethylene

130
Q

Define Bioplastic

A

A plastic that is made from biological/renewable resources OR degrades by the action of micro-organisms/biological activity or both

131
Q

Define Biobased plastic

A

A plastic that is obtained totally or partially from biological resources

(monomers derived from biological resources)

132
Q

Define Degradeble plastic

A

A plastic which undergoes major structural changes under prescribed environmental conditions

133
Q

Define Biodegradeble plastic

A

A plastic which degrades by the action of microorganisms or undergoes lowering of its molecular weight by biological activity

134
Q

Define Compostable plastic

A

A plastic that undergoes biodegration in composting environment to yield carbon dioxide, water, inorganic compounds and biomass at a rate equivalent to standard compostable materials and leaves no toxic materials

135
Q

Define Biocomposite

A

A composite that consists of either filler or polymer matrix derived from biological resources

136
Q

Define Nanocomposite

A

Polymer composite that has fillers with at least one dimension in nano meters

137
Q

Define Biobased nanocomposite

A

Nanocomposite in which EITHER fillers or polymer matrix has been obtained from biological resources

138
Q

Define Bionanocomposite

A

Nanocomposite in which BOTH fillers and polymer matrix have been obtained from biological resources

139
Q

Define Biodegradeble nanocomposite

A

Nanocomposites that degrades by the action of microorganisms

140
Q

Define Biocompatible

A

the ability of a material to carry out its intended function without any adverse reactions or unintended responses

141
Q

Describe Conventional polymers

A

Fossil dependent

Non renewable

Plastic pollution

GHG emissions

142
Q

Describe Biopolymers

A

Carbon neutral

Low environmental impacts

Renewable and sustainable

143
Q

Describe Linear economy

A

Material flow straight for the dump

144
Q

What steps are included in the process of making bio-based building blocks?

A

Biomass sources—>

Biomass feedstock —>

Bio-based blocks

145
Q

Examples of Biomass sources:

A

Trees

Crops

Waste

Algae

146
Q

Examples of Biomass feedstock

A

Cellulose

Starch
Sucrose
Vegetable oil

147
Q

Examples of Bio-based building blocks:

A

Ethanol

Glycerol

148
Q

What is PET made of? And what differs from Bio-PET?

A

PET ~= 0.7PTA +0.3MEG

BIO-PET uses Bio-MEG

PTA Purified Terephtalic Acid
MEG Mono Ethylene Glycol

149
Q

What biopolysters are similar to PET?

A

PTT

PEF

PBAT

150
Q

Properties of PTT:

A

good strength, stiff

151
Q

Properties of PEF:

A

100% biobased alternative to PET

better barrier properties

Beverage bottles

152
Q

Properties of PBAT

A

biodegradeble

flexible

alternative of PE

compostable bags

153
Q

Describe the Waste Hierarchy top to bottom

A
  1. Mimimisation
  2. Reuse
  3. Recycle
  4. Energy recovery
  5. Final disposal
154
Q

What’s included in producers responsability?

A

Provide collection systems for packaging

Ensure packaging materials are recycled

Report results to swedish environmental protection agency

Consult with municipalities

Achieve the national materials recycling targets

Minimize the need for packaging

155
Q

How many times can steel and aluminum be recycled?

A

Forever.

156
Q

What reduces the recyclability in steel and metal materials

A

Alloys

-use as few alloys as possibe

157
Q

What can harm the recyclability of the prime plastic?

A

additional materia and multi layer solutions

158
Q

What are the best plastics to use with regards to sorting, treatment and buyers?

A

LDPE, PP, HDPE

limited market of PET buyers

159
Q

Which plastic is used in a too small amount to be worth going through treatment?

A

PS

160
Q

Why shouldn’t you use ink when producing a plastic package?

A

It contaminates the cleaning water

161
Q

List the LEAST recycled packaging materials to the MOST recycled ones

A
  1. plastic
  2. metal
  3. paper
  4. glass
  5. paper/print
162
Q

When in the process should you use LCA?

A

As early as possible

  • identify priorities and goals
  • benchmark current products
163
Q

For what kind of sustainable development should LCA be used with regards to time?

A

short, medium and long term opportunities

164
Q

What production have the highest global warming impact per kg?

A

Aluminium

165
Q

Explain “Closed loop recycling”

A

Recycling =impacts of reprocessing -impact of virgin material avoided - impacts of waste treatment avoided

Net benefit if >0

166
Q

Explain “Open loop recycling”

A

Waste product recycled –> used in a different product system

ex. recycled PET –> clothing

167
Q

What is RPC?

A

Reusable Plastic Containers

168
Q

What is DRC?

A

Display Ready Corrugated Containers

169
Q

Which are the phases of LCA?

A
  1. Goal&scope
  2. Inventory&Analysis
  3. Impact assessment
  4. Interpretation
170
Q

Describe the phase Goal&scope of LCA

A

define goal

define system boundaries

define data requirements

171
Q

Describe the phase Inventory&Analysis of LCA

A

Life cycle map

Collect data

Calculate and evaluate data

172
Q

Describe the phase Impact assessment of LCA

A

Impact categories

Assign inventory to categories

Perform impact assessment

173
Q

Describe the phase Interpretation of LCA

A

Identify issues

Draw conclusions and recommendations

174
Q

List categories of Impact assessment

A

Ecosystem impacts (air emissions:ozone deplation)

Human health impacts (human toxicity)

Resources (land/water use, biodiversity)

175
Q

What limitations are there of LCA?

A

Data&assumptions affect the result

Lack of consistency in assumptions (comperative studies)

Difficult to interpret the results

“Snap shot” of a certain point in time

176
Q

List the 7 funcions of pakaging

A
  1. Containment
  2. Protection
  3. Apportionment
  4. Unitilization
  5. Convenience
  6. Information
  7. Communication
177
Q

Shortly describe Containment

A

needs to be package (like rice)

178
Q

Shortly describe Protection

A

protect from chemical, biological and physical sources

179
Q

Shortly describe Apportionment

A

Desired amount/portions

180
Q

Shortly describe Unitilization

A

Shipping containers etc

181
Q

Shortly describe Convenience

A

easy to use: consume anytime/any place, easy to open, carry and empty, easy to dispose

182
Q

Shortly describe Communication

A

“the silent salesman”

183
Q

Which are the Packaging legislation and regulations?

A

Administrative needs

Requirements to protect the public

Protection of packaging design

Environmental protection

184
Q

Describe Administrative needs

A

Regulations for food packaging, medical packaging and dangerous substances

185
Q

Describe Requirements to protect the public

A

Child-resistant packaging, consumer information must not mislead, weight/measurements

186
Q

Describe Protection of packaging design

A

cpoyright, IP, trademark, patent…

187
Q

Describe Environmental protection

A

waste directives, producer responsibility

188
Q

Packages placed on the market must meet the requirements:

A

Limit weight and volume (still uphold required safety, hygiene etc)

Reduce content of hazardous substances and materials

Design reusable/recovering packaging

189
Q

Describe Consumer packaging

A

The package that the consumer usually takes home

190
Q

Describe Sales packaging

A

The unit for sale

191
Q

Describe Group packaging

A

Packaging that is created to facilitate protection, display, handling, and/or transportation of a number of primary packages

192
Q

Describe Retail packaging

A

Same as group packaging but with an emphasis on the design to fit in Retail

193
Q

Describe Display packaging

A

Same as group packaging but with an emphasis on the Display features

194
Q

Describe Transport/Industrial/Bulk packaging

A

Packaging that facilitates handling, transport, storage of a number of primary packages in order to provide efficient production and distribution and prevent damage during transportation

195
Q

Describe Used packaging

A

Packaging/ Packaging material remaining after the removal of the product it contained

196
Q

List packaging design challenges

A

Taking a holostic approach

Integrating form and function

Making trade-offs

Sharing risk and gains

197
Q

Why is Postponement strategy favoured?

A

Modular products customized for local markets

Products that gain weight, volume or value from packaging

Unpredictable demand

A lot of variation for a single formulation

situations where economies of scale can be found in packaging and logistics

198
Q

What are the concepts of Design Thinking

A
  1. Desirability of the use
  2. The products’ technical feasibility
  3. The economic, social and environmental viability
199
Q

Examples of Ideation

A 
Brainstorming
Personas
Simulate the voive of the consumer
Empathy maps
Prototyping
200
Q

Examples of Evaluation methods

A

KANO
Scorecards
LCA

201
Q

What is the idea of KANO?

A

Understand how users perceive quality attributes

202
Q

Pros and cons with Wood

A

+ High impact strength / high strength to weight ratio
+ Withstands pressure
+ Great surface dimensional stability
+ Does not corrode
+ Renewable resource

  • Not suitable for high speed manufacturing
  • Expensive per item
  • Not waterproof
203
Q

Pros and cons with Metal

A

+ Best barrier properties after glass

+ Can be microwaved when coated

+Tensile strength

+Can be reused as container

  • Limits reusability
  • Can affect taste of foods/beverages
204
Q

Pros and cons with Glass

A 
\+	Barrier against water, vapor & aroma
\+	Long shelf life of contained products
\+	Rigid
-	Fragile
-	Heavy
205
Q

Pros and cons with Paper

A 
\+easily printed
\+makes aseptic packaging possible
\+microwaveable
\+easily shaped
-few barrier properties
206
Q

What are the 3 pillars of sustainable development?

A

People -social responsibility (CSR)

Planet -environmental conservation

Profit -economic profitability

Packaging Technology and Development (1 decks)

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