Exam Flashcards
Name the megatrends
Urbanisation, Sustainability in action everywhere, Mobility revolution, Digitalization&connectivity, Transformation of value chains, and Beyond demographics
Describe challenges with Urbanisation?
Consume a lot-doesn’t produce
Supply of food/beverage packaging crucial
Developing packaging solutions for tough climate SCs
Recycling systems within cities
Describe challenges with Sustainability in action everywhere?
Willingsness to pay more for sustainable brands
Describe challenges with Mobility revolution?
Increasing mobility of goods and people with less footprint and traffic jams
Automation target from manufacturing to distribution
People expects delivery anywhere&anytime
Ecommerce
Describe Digitalization&connectivity?
Everyone and everything connected
Opportunities for generation of data –> creates value
AI computers, big data
Describe Transformation of value chains?
Cut out middle hand –> directly to consumer
Value chain will disappear
Describe Beyond demographics?
Age, gender and origin are no longer key to defining consumers
People expect full customization
Who’s including in “user oriented innovation”?
Both consumers and end users
Define “Market segment”
A group of consumers with similar needs and behaviours
What is a consumers satisfaction determined by regarding perceived quality?
the difference between when they purchase it and when they use it
What’s the 1st and 2nd moments of truth?
perception of quality is created both when bought and during usage
Reliability in different consumer insight methods ranked best to worst?
Y: Reliablility
X: Distance from object/occasion
Own use Experiments/tests Simulations Observations Dialogues Structured interviews Focus groups Questionnaires
Describe the KANO model
Y: Customer satisfaction
X: Degree of achievement
Attributes regarding quality can be divided into what categories?
Ergonomic
Technical
Communicative
What are the qualities described in the KANO model?
Attractive One-dimensional Must-be Indifferent Reverse
Describe Attractive Quality
Provides satisfaction when achieved fully, but do not cause dissatisfaction when not fulfilled. Not expected.
Describe One-dimensional Quality
Satisfaction when fulfilled. Dissatisfaction when not fulfilled. “Get 10% extra”
only gets 6% extra…
Describe Must-be Quality
Taken for granted when fulfilled. Dissatisfaction when not fulfilled. Basic attributes like milk package not leaking
Describe Indifferent Quality
Neither good or bad. Like skånemejeriers 101001010 different yoghurt packaging flavourdependent colours
Describe Reverse Quality
Making it worse (at least for some consumers).
consumers perfer different things
Describe Perceived Quality
what a potential buyer expects to get out of a new product
Describe Quality expectation
will this be purchased once?
Describe Fulfilment of expectations
will this be purchased again?
What are the innovation ways of working?
Exploiting -plan ahead (chess)
Exploatory -gamble (poker)
Describe the Empathy map
What does he/she... ..think/feel ..hear ..see ..say/do
Pain points
Gain points
So what…The insight
Describe the innovation reactor principle
Input –> Insighting –> Ideation –> Implementation
Describe the insighting phase of the innovation reactor?
Convergent Observation/interviews Early adapters/target groups Identify similar technologies used in other industries Maps over- and underserved areas
Describe the Ideation phase of the innovation reactor?
Diverging
No real failures, only learning
Describe the Implementation phase of the innovation reactor?
Don’t evaluate on your own (biased and emotionally involved)
Converging
Why does gas move in and out of the package?
Differences in partial pressure ( ΔP)
What can degrade food?
Temperature
Light
Oxygen
Micro-organisms
What protects food?
Nitrogen
Carbon dioxide
What is MAP?
Modified Atmosphere Packaging
How does MAP work?
Evacuation of air
Gas flushing
Sealing
Why do we use MAP?
longer shelf life
How much of the produced food is food waste?
40%!!!!!!!!
List the most commonly used packaging polymers
PE polyethylene
PP polypropylene
PET polyester
Poly(EVOH) ethylene vinyl alchohol
Nylon polyamide
PVC poly vinyl chloride
PS polystyrene
Describe PE
softest, sealing, water barrier
Describe PP
soft, sealing, water barrier, heat resistance, trays for microwaveable foods, bottles for ketchup
Describe PET
stiff, amorphous, sealing, gas barrier, bottles, jars, boil/microwaveable bags
Describe Poly(EVOH)
extremely good gas and aroma barrier, hydrophilic (sensitive to moisture), often sandwiched between moisture layers like PP
Describe Nylon (PA)
strength, toughness, gas barrier, heat resistance, often sandwiched between moisture layers like PP
Describe PVC
fairly stiff, thermo forming, gas barrier
Describe PS
stiff, thermo forming, trays for meat, egg cartons
Big bulky atoms/groups lead to..
..stiff plastics
What polymer can be recycled to be a new food package?
PET
How can one improve the properties of recycled PET?
Cover it with virgin PET on both sides.
Why is PET suitable for recycling into new packaging?
Excellent taste and odour barrier
Medium high oxygen barrier
Melt flow properties
(works in injection moulding, film blowing, extrusion)
Broken chains can be mended back to long chains by drying and heating
Name hazardous substances in plastic
Phtalates Bisphenol A (BPA)
What plastic often includes Phtalates and where/how is it used?
PVC
- not used in packaging in Nordic countries since >30 years
- common in medical packaging
What plastic often includes BPA (Bisphenol A) and where/how is it used?
PC -poly carbonate
BPA is the monomer for PC
PC not common packaging polymer
Epoxy contains BPA –> coatings inside food/beverage cans
What type of plastic is often used when making package closures?
Thermosets
Pros of plastics?
Inexpensive
Flexible
Moldable
Shock-resistance
Recyclable
Cons of plastics?
Permeability to gas/vapour/aroma
Food components can sorb into plastic
Low compressive strength
What is HDPE used for?
bottles for milk, water, juice
What is LDPE used for?
bags
What are the different raw materials for paper production?
Soft wood
Hard wood
Recycled
Describe Soft wood
Pine and spruce
long, tough, strong
Describe hard wood
Birch
short, dense, stiff
What is recycled raw materials for paper production made of?
recycled fibers
What types of fibres are there?
Virgin fibres
Recycled fibres
Describe Virgin fibres
Long, strong
Well known origin and board properties
Lighter paper for same performance
Pure, food proof, odour neutral
Describe Recycled fibres
Short, weak, dusty
Remains of ink, glue, plastic
-difficult to control
No odour safety
How many times can fibres be recycled?
Up to 7 times
What kinds of paper board are there?
Corrugated and Carton
Describe Corrugated board
Built up by atleast 3 papers, individually produced
Endless combining possibilities of these papers inside the board
Used as primary, secondary and tertiary
Describe Carton board
Sevreal layers with different properties
Pre-determined strength level
Can be cut, folded, formed etc.
Mainly primary packaging
Above 200g/m^2
What are corrugated board constructed of?
Fluting and Liner
What types of fluting are there?
Semi Chemical Fluting
Recycled Fluting
What types of Liner are there?
Kraft Liner
Testliner 1, 2, 3, and 4
Describe Semi Chemical Fluting
Stiffer
Short fibre
Mostly made from Semi Chemical primary fibre pulp
Describe Recycled Fluting
Mostly made from recycled fibre based paper
Describe Kraft Liner
Long + Short fibres
Mostly made from primary kraft pulp
Describe Testliner 1,2,3 and 4
Mostly made from recycled fibre based paper
What’s an important parameter for paper boxes?
Stacking strength
What is BCT?
Box Compression Test
What does BCT depend on?
Board properties :
BCT= f( ECT, Bending stiffness)
What is ECT?
Edge Crush Test
Where is >70% of box compression strength placed?
In the corners
What’s the correlation between panel hight and strength of the box?
A high panel –> weaker box
What tests are performed on paper boxes regarding transport?
Climate
Drop
Compression
Vibration
What types of water resistant barriers are used for paper boxes
Waxing
Plastic film
Aluminum film
Coating
Fibre based barriers
What is Off Flavour?
Components from e.g. PE and paper board can migrate into the food product.
In sensitive products like water, those components can introduce a recognisable Off Flavour
What is ESC?
Environmental Stress Cracking
What can induce ESC in some plastic materials?
Food components, such as fat, edible oil, formulated tomato products.
What is Retention (“Scalping”) ?
Aroma components from food can migrate into the inside coatings
Thinner inside coatings absorb LESS aroma components
Why are thinner inside coatings often better for food products?
Thinner inside coatings absorb LESS aroma components
What problems exists regarding food spoilage?
Product adhering to package surface
Loss of desirable properties (colour, smell, taste, texture)
Loss of nutritional properties (vitamins)
Development of undesirable properties (toxins, pathogenic micro-organisms)
Name pros with Alu Foil
+ Impermeable to gas (oxygen penetrates through cracks though)
+High tensile stiffness
+Light barrier
+Moisture barrier
+Flavour barrier
+Induction sealing
Name cons with Alu Foil
- Contributes to carbon footprint.
How can one lower carbon footprint in “layer -packaging”
Less layers
Replace Alu Foil with EVOH
Material structute of a commonly used tetra pak box. List layers from outside to inside
- LDPE
- moisture protection - Paper board
- to print and stiffness - LDPE
- adhesive between alu foil and paper board - Alu Foil
- stiffness, barrier for oxygen, light, aroma, moisture…, induction sealing - Adhesive
- provide adhesion between alu foil and PE - PE
- product protection
Define Shelf Life
Time that a product can be stored without becoing unfit for use, consumption or sale
What can affect the shelf life?
colour, consistency, nutritional value, health safety, taste, odour
What is Detoriation?
Quality related changes
Examples of detoration?
Chemical reactions -oxidation
Microbal reactions -microorganisms
Biochemical reactions -enzymatic reactions
Physical reactions -texture
What is superhydrophobic coatings?
nanoscopic surface layer that repels water
What types of detorative reactions are there?
Intrinsic
Extrinsic
Examples of Intrinsic reactions
water activity
pH
O2 content
Examples of Extrinsic reactions
temperature
light
gas atmosphere
What is IoFs?
Indices of Failure
Does the dimensions of a package with a given weight of food have a large influence on shelf life?
yes
Why does minimizing surface area of the packaging improve shelf life?
Minimize the quantity of moisyure/O2 that will permeate through
Assuming same volume, list the shapes with smallest surface area to biggest surface area.
sphere cylinder cube tetrahedron rectangular
Why does extremely thin packages require better barrier properties?
Big surface area:volume ratio
Why does smaller packages have shorter shelf life compared to big ones?
Due to greater surface area per unit volume
When do you chose alu or plastic closures?
good for critical sealing requirements (carbonation)
soft drinks where reopening is common
suitable for high internal pressures
When do you chose bark cork closures?
no pressure
for drinks like wine
problems: cork dust, leakage
What is subtractive manufacturing?
“carve it out”
generate 3D-model –> CNC program –> machine away unwanted material
What is additive manufacturing?
generate 3D-model –> software slices it into think slices –> machine builds it layer by layer
To get good quality it is in additive manufacturing important to…
..have as thin “slices” as possible
Will 3D printing kill traditional manufacturing?
NO, it’s a complementary technology
For what medical applications can 3D-printing be used?
dental crowns&bridges, dental aligners, hearing aids
What (usually) takes the longest time in the 3D-printing process?
Post-processing:
removing support material, heat treating, coating, colouring..
List the 3 principles for sustainability
- “consuming the earth”
- “substances produced by society”
- degradation by physical means (deforestation, over fishing etc..)
What 3 areas can Green Packaging Approaches be divided into?
- Product waste related &Household related
- Logistics related
- Packaging material related
What’s the difference between developed and developing countries when it comes to food waste in the SCs?
developed: high food losses at the end phases
developing: hgh food losses in the beginning
How much of the food waste in Swedish households are related to packaging?
ca 20-25%
Improvements that’s product waste related:
Innovative portion/ready to serve package
Development regarding resealing/reclosing
Information to increase awareness of correct food storage
Improvements that’s household related:
Avoid shopping by car
Support energy- and water-saving behaviour
Packages that help with correct product dosage
Improvements that’s logistics related:
Maximize fill rate
Minimize cooling needs
Optimize unitilization
EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive: Reduce the environmental impact of packaging by….
…reducing packaging at source
…maximizing the recovery of used packaging
…eliminating harmful materials
Improvements that’s material related:
Optimize material usage
Optimal packaging
Eliminating hazardous substances
Responsible sourcing of packaging materials
Develop packaging for efficient reuse, recycling or recovery
How can you Optimize material usage?
Avoid double packaging if it doesn’t fill any important function
How can you make sure of Optimal packaging?
Overpack> Underpack
How can you Eliminate hazardous substances?
Identify and avoid hazardous substances (BPA, phtalates, heavy metals) over the life cycle
How can you make sure of Responsible sourcing of packaging materials?
FSC
how/where are raw materials extracted
How can you prevent littering?
Minimize the number of seperate components (straws, spoons…)
Provide information to encourage responsible disposal
Consider what recycling bins are available in public
How is Bio-PE created?
Glucose —>(fermentation)
Ethanol —> (dehydration)
Ethylene –>(polymerization)
Polyethylene
Define Bioplastic
A plastic that is made from biological/renewable resources OR degrades by the action of micro-organisms/biological activity or both
Define Biobased plastic
A plastic that is obtained totally or partially from biological resources
(monomers derived from biological resources)
Define Degradeble plastic
A plastic which undergoes major structural changes under prescribed environmental conditions
Define Biodegradeble plastic
A plastic which degrades by the action of microorganisms or undergoes lowering of its molecular weight by biological activity
Define Compostable plastic
A plastic that undergoes biodegration in composting environment to yield carbon dioxide, water, inorganic compounds and biomass at a rate equivalent to standard compostable materials and leaves no toxic materials
Define Biocomposite
A composite that consists of either filler or polymer matrix derived from biological resources
Define Nanocomposite
Polymer composite that has fillers with at least one dimension in nano meters
Define Biobased nanocomposite
Nanocomposite in which EITHER fillers or polymer matrix has been obtained from biological resources
Define Bionanocomposite
Nanocomposite in which BOTH fillers and polymer matrix have been obtained from biological resources
Define Biodegradeble nanocomposite
Nanocomposites that degrades by the action of microorganisms
Define Biocompatible
the ability of a material to carry out its intended function without any adverse reactions or unintended responses
Describe Conventional polymers
Fossil dependent
Non renewable
Plastic pollution
GHG emissions
Describe Biopolymers
Carbon neutral
Low environmental impacts
Renewable and sustainable
Describe Linear economy
Material flow straight for the dump
What steps are included in the process of making bio-based building blocks?
Biomass sources—>
Biomass feedstock —>
Bio-based blocks
Examples of Biomass sources:
Trees
Crops
Waste
Algae
Examples of Biomass feedstock
Cellulose
Starch
Sucrose
Vegetable oil
Examples of Bio-based building blocks:
Ethanol
Glycerol
What is PET made of? And what differs from Bio-PET?
PET ~= 0.7PTA +0.3MEG
BIO-PET uses Bio-MEG
PTA Purified Terephtalic Acid
MEG Mono Ethylene Glycol
What biopolysters are similar to PET?
PTT
PEF
PBAT
Properties of PTT:
good strength, stiff
Properties of PEF:
100% biobased alternative to PET
better barrier properties
Beverage bottles
Properties of PBAT
biodegradeble
flexible
alternative of PE
compostable bags
Describe the Waste Hierarchy top to bottom
- Mimimisation
- Reuse
- Recycle
- Energy recovery
- Final disposal
What’s included in producers responsability?
Provide collection systems for packaging
Ensure packaging materials are recycled
Report results to swedish environmental protection agency
Consult with municipalities
Achieve the national materials recycling targets
Minimize the need for packaging
How many times can steel and aluminum be recycled?
Forever.
What reduces the recyclability in steel and metal materials
Alloys
-use as few alloys as possibe
What can harm the recyclability of the prime plastic?
additional materia and multi layer solutions
What are the best plastics to use with regards to sorting, treatment and buyers?
LDPE, PP, HDPE
limited market of PET buyers
Which plastic is used in a too small amount to be worth going through treatment?
PS
Why shouldn’t you use ink when producing a plastic package?
It contaminates the cleaning water
List the LEAST recycled packaging materials to the MOST recycled ones
- plastic
- metal
- paper
- glass
- paper/print
When in the process should you use LCA?
As early as possible
- identify priorities and goals
- benchmark current products
For what kind of sustainable development should LCA be used with regards to time?
short, medium and long term opportunities
What production have the highest global warming impact per kg?
Aluminium
Explain “Closed loop recycling”
Recycling =impacts of reprocessing -impact of virgin material avoided - impacts of waste treatment avoided
Net benefit if >0
Explain “Open loop recycling”
Waste product recycled –> used in a different product system
ex. recycled PET –> clothing
What is RPC?
Reusable Plastic Containers
What is DRC?
Display Ready Corrugated Containers
Which are the phases of LCA?
- Goal&scope
- Inventory&Analysis
- Impact assessment
- Interpretation
Describe the phase Goal&scope of LCA
define goal
define system boundaries
define data requirements
Describe the phase Inventory&Analysis of LCA
Life cycle map
Collect data
Calculate and evaluate data
Describe the phase Impact assessment of LCA
Impact categories
Assign inventory to categories
Perform impact assessment
Describe the phase Interpretation of LCA
Identify issues
Draw conclusions and recommendations
List categories of Impact assessment
Ecosystem impacts (air emissions:ozone deplation)
Human health impacts (human toxicity)
Resources (land/water use, biodiversity)
What limitations are there of LCA?
Data&assumptions affect the result
Lack of consistency in assumptions (comperative studies)
Difficult to interpret the results
“Snap shot” of a certain point in time
List the 7 funcions of pakaging
- Containment
- Protection
- Apportionment
- Unitilization
- Convenience
- Information
- Communication
Shortly describe Containment
needs to be package (like rice)
Shortly describe Protection
protect from chemical, biological and physical sources
Shortly describe Apportionment
Desired amount/portions
Shortly describe Unitilization
Shipping containers etc
Shortly describe Convenience
easy to use: consume anytime/any place, easy to open, carry and empty, easy to dispose
Shortly describe Communication
“the silent salesman”
Which are the Packaging legislation and regulations?
Administrative needs
Requirements to protect the public
Protection of packaging design
Environmental protection
Describe Administrative needs
Regulations for food packaging, medical packaging and dangerous substances
Describe Requirements to protect the public
Child-resistant packaging, consumer information must not mislead, weight/measurements
Describe Protection of packaging design
cpoyright, IP, trademark, patent…
Describe Environmental protection
waste directives, producer responsibility
Packages placed on the market must meet the requirements:
Limit weight and volume (still uphold required safety, hygiene etc)
Reduce content of hazardous substances and materials
Design reusable/recovering packaging
Describe Consumer packaging
The package that the consumer usually takes home
Describe Sales packaging
The unit for sale
Describe Group packaging
Packaging that is created to facilitate protection, display, handling, and/or transportation of a number of primary packages
Describe Retail packaging
Same as group packaging but with an emphasis on the design to fit in Retail
Describe Display packaging
Same as group packaging but with an emphasis on the Display features
Describe Transport/Industrial/Bulk packaging
Packaging that facilitates handling, transport, storage of a number of primary packages in order to provide efficient production and distribution and prevent damage during transportation
Describe Used packaging
Packaging/ Packaging material remaining after the removal of the product it contained
List packaging design challenges
Taking a holostic approach
Integrating form and function
Making trade-offs
Sharing risk and gains
Why is Postponement strategy favoured?
Modular products customized for local markets
Products that gain weight, volume or value from packaging
Unpredictable demand
A lot of variation for a single formulation
situations where economies of scale can be found in packaging and logistics
What are the concepts of Design Thinking
- Desirability of the use
- The products’ technical feasibility
- The economic, social and environmental viability
Examples of Ideation
Brainstorming Personas Simulate the voive of the consumer Empathy maps Prototyping
Examples of Evaluation methods
KANO
Scorecards
LCA
What is the idea of KANO?
Understand how users perceive quality attributes
Pros and cons with Wood
+ High impact strength / high strength to weight ratio
+ Withstands pressure
+ Great surface dimensional stability
+ Does not corrode
+ Renewable resource
- Not suitable for high speed manufacturing
- Expensive per item
- Not waterproof
Pros and cons with Metal
+ Best barrier properties after glass
+ Can be microwaved when coated
+Tensile strength
+Can be reused as container
- Limits reusability
- Can affect taste of foods/beverages
Pros and cons with Glass
\+ Barrier against water, vapor & aroma \+ Long shelf life of contained products \+ Rigid - Fragile - Heavy
Pros and cons with Paper
\+easily printed \+makes aseptic packaging possible \+microwaveable \+easily shaped -few barrier properties
What are the 3 pillars of sustainable development?
People -social responsibility (CSR)
Planet -environmental conservation
Profit -economic profitability
