Exam 6 gonna get an A!!!!!!! Flashcards
What are the 4 phases of respiration?
- Pulmonary ventilation
- External exchange of gases(respiration)
- Respiratory gas transport
- Internal exchange of gases(respiration)
What is the definition of Pulmonary ventilation?
Exchange of air btw the atmosphere and the air sacs (aveoli) of the lungs (breathing)
What is the definition of External exchange
of gases?
Where gases exchange at the cellular level, oxygen diffuses from the air sacs into the blood and co2 diffuses from the blood into the air sacs to be eliminated.
What is the definition of Respiratory gas transport?
Gases are carried via the blood to and from the lungs and tissues
Definition of Internal exchange of gases?
Occurs at the tissue level when the blood carrying oxygen drops off an oxygen load to the oxygen starving tissues and picks up a load of carbon dioxide for elimination
What is the definition of Inhalation?
Active phase requiring a drawing in of air into the lungs, diaphragm contracts and drops, external inercostals contract and elevate the rib cage
What is the definition of Exhalation?
The passive phase as air is expelled from the lungs, diaphragm relaxes and elevates, external intercostals relax and lowers the rib cage
What is Compliance?
The ease with which the lungs and thorax is expanded during inhalation. (The ease at which we breathe)
What is Tidal Volumes? (TV)
The amount of air moved into and out of the lungs with each breath during normal breathing.
What is Inspiratory reserve volume? (IRV)
The amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume
What is Expiratory reserve volume? (ERV)
The amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after the tidal expiration
What is Residual volume? (RV)
The air left in the lungs after the most complete expiration
What is Vital capacity? (VC)
The total amount of exchangeable air
VC=TV+IRV+ERV
Total pulmonary ventilation is greater than alveolar ventilation because of what?
Dead space
Total pulmonary ventilation = what?
Ventilation rate x tidal volume
What is gas exchange(diffusion)?
The movement of molecules from an area in which they are in higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
What does Surfactant do?
Reduces surface tension of fluid in the lungs and helps make the small air sacs in the lungs (alveoli) more stable.
Surfactant prevents collapse by reducing what?
The surface tension of the fluids that line the lungs and helping to equalize the pressures btw large and small air spaces.
This plots the proportion of hemoglobin in its saturated form on the vertical axis against the prevailing oxygen tension on the horizontal axis.
Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve.
Why is the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve important?
for understanding how our blood carries and releases oxygen.
What is the Bohr effect?
A decrease in pH shifts the standard curve to the right, while an increase shifts it to the left.
What does the variation of the hydrogen ion concentration do?
Changes the blood’s pH.
How does CO2 affect the curve?
- influences intracellular pH and 2. CO2 accumulation casuses carbamino compounds to be generated through chemical interactions
Low levels of carbamino compounds have the effect of shifting the curve to the ____ while higher levels cause a _____ shift
right, leftward
What is 2,3 DPG?
2,3-diphosphoglycerate, is an organophosphate which are created in erythrocytes during glycolysis
Hyperthermia causes a ____ shift and hypothermia causes a _____shift.
rightward, leftward
Hemoglobin binds with carbon monoxide ___times more readily than with oxygen
240 (therefore the presence of carbon monoxide can interfere with the hemoglobin’s acquisition of oxygen.
Which way does the carbon monoxide shift?
leftward
When a person has an increased level of carbon monoxide they can suffer from what?
hypoxemia while maintaining a normal PO2.
What is Methemoglobinemia?
A form of abnormal hemoglobin
Which direction does methemoglobinemia curve?
Leftward shift
Transportation of oxygen is done by what?
hemoglobin in RBC
Transportation of carbon dioxide is done by what?
10% plasma
15% combo of protein and hemoglobin and plasma
75% ionic version formed when CO2
CO2 + H2O =
H2CO3 which breaks down into H ions + HCO3
What is Hyperventilation?
Deep and rapid respiration resulting in altered blood pH leading to dizziness and tingling, increased respiratory rate without increased metabolism.
What is Hypoventilation?
Insufficient amount of air entering the alveoli (becoming more acidic)
What is Hyperpnea?
Increased respiratory rate and/ or volume in response to increased metabolism.
What is Tachypnea?
Rapid breathing; usually increased respiratory rate with decreased depth
What is Dyspnea?
Difficulty breathing (“air hunger”)