Exam 6 gonna get an A!!!!!!! Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 phases of respiration?

A
  1. Pulmonary ventilation
  2. External exchange of gases(respiration)
  3. Respiratory gas transport
  4. Internal exchange of gases(respiration)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the definition of Pulmonary ventilation?

A
Exchange of air btw the atmosphere and the 
air sacs (aveoli) of the lungs (breathing)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the definition of External exchange

of gases?

A

Where gases exchange at the cellular level, oxygen diffuses from the air sacs into the blood and co2 diffuses from the blood into the air sacs to be eliminated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the definition of Respiratory gas transport?

A

Gases are carried via the blood to and from the lungs and tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Definition of Internal exchange of gases?

A

Occurs at the tissue level when the blood carrying oxygen drops off an oxygen load to the oxygen starving tissues and picks up a load of carbon dioxide for elimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the definition of Inhalation?

A

Active phase requiring a drawing in of air into the lungs, diaphragm contracts and drops, external inercostals contract and elevate the rib cage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the definition of Exhalation?

A

The passive phase as air is expelled from the lungs, diaphragm relaxes and elevates, external intercostals relax and lowers the rib cage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Compliance?

A

The ease with which the lungs and thorax is expanded during inhalation. (The ease at which we breathe)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is Tidal Volumes? (TV)

A

The amount of air moved into and out of the lungs with each breath during normal breathing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is Inspiratory reserve volume? (IRV)

A

The amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is Expiratory reserve volume? (ERV)

A

The amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after the tidal expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is Residual volume? (RV)

A

The air left in the lungs after the most complete expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Vital capacity? (VC)

A

The total amount of exchangeable air

VC=TV+IRV+ERV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Total pulmonary ventilation is greater than alveolar ventilation because of what?

A

Dead space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Total pulmonary ventilation = what?

A

Ventilation rate x tidal volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is gas exchange(diffusion)?

A

The movement of molecules from an area in which they are in higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does Surfactant do?

A

Reduces surface tension of fluid in the lungs and helps make the small air sacs in the lungs (alveoli) more stable.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Surfactant prevents collapse by reducing what?

A

The surface tension of the fluids that line the lungs and helping to equalize the pressures btw large and small air spaces.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

This plots the proportion of hemoglobin in its saturated form on the vertical axis against the prevailing oxygen tension on the horizontal axis.

A

Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why is the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve important?

A

for understanding how our blood carries and releases oxygen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

A decrease in pH shifts the standard curve to the right, while an increase shifts it to the left.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does the variation of the hydrogen ion concentration do?

A

Changes the blood’s pH.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does CO2 affect the curve?

A
  1. influences intracellular pH and 2. CO2 accumulation casuses carbamino compounds to be generated through chemical interactions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Low levels of carbamino compounds have the effect of shifting the curve to the ____ while higher levels cause a _____ shift

A

right, leftward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is 2,3 DPG?

A

2,3-diphosphoglycerate, is an organophosphate which are created in erythrocytes during glycolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Hyperthermia causes a ____ shift and hypothermia causes a _____shift.

A

rightward, leftward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Hemoglobin binds with carbon monoxide ___times more readily than with oxygen

A

240 (therefore the presence of carbon monoxide can interfere with the hemoglobin’s acquisition of oxygen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Which way does the carbon monoxide shift?

A

leftward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

When a person has an increased level of carbon monoxide they can suffer from what?

A

hypoxemia while maintaining a normal PO2.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is Methemoglobinemia?

A

A form of abnormal hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Which direction does methemoglobinemia curve?

A

Leftward shift

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Transportation of oxygen is done by what?

A

hemoglobin in RBC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Transportation of carbon dioxide is done by what?

A

10% plasma
15% combo of protein and hemoglobin and plasma
75% ionic version formed when CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

CO2 + H2O =

A

H2CO3 which breaks down into H ions + HCO3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is Hyperventilation?

A

Deep and rapid respiration resulting in altered blood pH leading to dizziness and tingling, increased respiratory rate without increased metabolism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is Hypoventilation?

A

Insufficient amount of air entering the alveoli (becoming more acidic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is Hyperpnea?

A

Increased respiratory rate and/ or volume in response to increased metabolism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is Tachypnea?

A

Rapid breathing; usually increased respiratory rate with decreased depth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is Dyspnea?

A

Difficulty breathing (“air hunger”)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is Apnea?

A

Cessation of breathing

41
Q

What is Cyanosis?

A

Bluish tinged skin

42
Q

What is Hypoxia?

A

Lower than normal levels of oxygen

43
Q

What is Hypoxemia?

A

Lower than normal oxygen concentration in arterial blood

44
Q

What is Suffocation?

A

No breathing.

45
Q

How much of the body does the lungs take up?

A

1/3 of the body

46
Q

The medulla oblongata is the center for what?

A

Medullary rhythmicity center

47
Q

What does the Medulla Oblongata do?

A

Extends throughout the length and is responsible for the depth of breathing by controlling inspiratory and expiratory muscles

48
Q

The pons is the center for what?

A

pontine respiratory group

49
Q

What is the pons responsible for?

A

Responsible for the basic rhythm of breathing by integrating sensory information

50
Q

The movement of gas though the larynx, pharynx and mouth allows humans to speak or ____

A

phonate

51
Q

Alveolar ventilation=

A

Ventilation rate x (tidal volume - dead space)

52
Q

Description of Eupnea

A

Normal quiet breathing

53
Q

Definition of the mouth-oral cavity

A

Hard and soft palate to the throat partitioned by the uvula-which blocks the nasal cavity during swallowing.

54
Q

What is the 6 organs of the digestive tract?

A
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus 
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
55
Q

What is mastication?

A

Chewing accomplished by the teeth

56
Q

What does the saliva do?

A

Lubricates, and has the digestive enzyme-salivary amylase-breaks down starch into sugar

57
Q

What 4 things happen in the mouth after eating food?

A

Ingestion
mastication
saliva
degultition

58
Q

What is deglution

A

Initiates swalling

59
Q

What are the 4 parts of the Pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
epiglottis

60
Q

What is the nasopharynx?

A

adenoids

61
Q

What is the Oropharynx?

A

lingual tonsils

62
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

Leaf shaped cartilage at the base of the laryngopharynx that keeps food from entering the trachea during swallowing

63
Q

What is the esophagus?

A

Muscular passageway to the stomach

64
Q

Where does the stomach begin?

A

Cardiac sphincter

65
Q

Where does the stomach end?

A

Pyloric sphincter

66
Q

What is the Sphincter?

A

muscular band that regulates the movement of the bolus.

67
Q

What does the general shape of the stomach include?

A

Lesser curvature, greater curvature, fundus storage area, and rugae ridges

68
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A

To introduce gastric juice which includes HCL

69
Q

What does HCL do?

A

Breaks down protein and destroys foreign organisms and pepsin

70
Q

What is pepsin?

A

Enzyme which digests proteins in conjuction with HCL

71
Q

What is the ultimate product of the stomach?

A

Chyme

72
Q

What does chyme consist of?

A

bolus and gastric juice

73
Q

What does the small intestine contain?

A

plicase circulares, goblet cells, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and ileocecal valve

74
Q

What are the plicae circulares?

A

folds that increase the surface area of the walls to maximize absorption and do not stretch out with the pressure of chyme

75
Q

What is the Ileocecal valve?

A

separator between the small intestine and the large intestine

76
Q

What is the function of the small intestine?

A

Primary nutrient absorption tube via villi and microvilli

77
Q

What are the 4 ways the small intestine absorbs nutrients?

A

Facilitated diffusion
Active transport-(amino acids)
Diffusion-(electrolytes)
Osmosis-(Water)

78
Q

What is the function of the Large intestine?

A

primary water absorption tube

79
Q

What are the 8 parts of the large intestine?

A
  1. teniae coli
  2. ascending a. vermiform appendix b. cecum
  3. transverse 4. desceding 5. sigmoid 6. rectum 7. anal canal 8. anus
80
Q

What are the 4 accessory organs of the digestive tract?

A

Salivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

81
Q

The salivary glands produce _____ which contains _____.

A

Saliva , lysozyme

82
Q

What does lysozyme help do?

A

Reduce bacterial growth

83
Q

What does salivary amylase do?

A

converts carbohydrates into starch and sugar

84
Q

What are the three salivary glands?

A

Parotid, sublingual, and submandibular

85
Q

What does the liver manufacture?

A

bile

86
Q

What does the bile help do?

A

digest fats

87
Q

The liver is the storage of glucose in the form of what?

A

Glycogen

88
Q

The liver is the area for formation of blood plasma proteins and _____ _____.

A

Clotting factors

89
Q

The liver is also the place of destruction of what? and recycling of byproducts ___ ___

A

Old RBC, iron and bilirubin

90
Q

In the liver is the synthesis of what?

A

Urea-

91
Q

What is urea?

A

nitrogen based waste product

92
Q

What does the gallbladder store?

A

bile

93
Q

Where is the bile released?

A

from the gallbladder when chyme enters into the duodenum for the emulsification of fats

94
Q

What does the pancreas produce?

A

inactive forms of enzymes that digest fats, proteins, carbs, and nucleic acids

95
Q

What does Lipase digest?

A

mostly fats

96
Q

What does amylase do?

A

changes starch to sugar

97
Q

What does trypsin do?

A

splits proteins into digestible amino acids

98
Q

What does the Nucleases do?

A

Digests RNA and DNA from nutrient cells.