Exam 6 gonna get an A!!!!!!! Flashcards
What are the 4 phases of respiration?
- Pulmonary ventilation
- External exchange of gases(respiration)
- Respiratory gas transport
- Internal exchange of gases(respiration)
What is the definition of Pulmonary ventilation?
Exchange of air btw the atmosphere and the air sacs (aveoli) of the lungs (breathing)
What is the definition of External exchange
of gases?
Where gases exchange at the cellular level, oxygen diffuses from the air sacs into the blood and co2 diffuses from the blood into the air sacs to be eliminated.
What is the definition of Respiratory gas transport?
Gases are carried via the blood to and from the lungs and tissues
Definition of Internal exchange of gases?
Occurs at the tissue level when the blood carrying oxygen drops off an oxygen load to the oxygen starving tissues and picks up a load of carbon dioxide for elimination
What is the definition of Inhalation?
Active phase requiring a drawing in of air into the lungs, diaphragm contracts and drops, external inercostals contract and elevate the rib cage
What is the definition of Exhalation?
The passive phase as air is expelled from the lungs, diaphragm relaxes and elevates, external intercostals relax and lowers the rib cage
What is Compliance?
The ease with which the lungs and thorax is expanded during inhalation. (The ease at which we breathe)
What is Tidal Volumes? (TV)
The amount of air moved into and out of the lungs with each breath during normal breathing.
What is Inspiratory reserve volume? (IRV)
The amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume
What is Expiratory reserve volume? (ERV)
The amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after the tidal expiration
What is Residual volume? (RV)
The air left in the lungs after the most complete expiration
What is Vital capacity? (VC)
The total amount of exchangeable air
VC=TV+IRV+ERV
Total pulmonary ventilation is greater than alveolar ventilation because of what?
Dead space
Total pulmonary ventilation = what?
Ventilation rate x tidal volume
What is gas exchange(diffusion)?
The movement of molecules from an area in which they are in higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
What does Surfactant do?
Reduces surface tension of fluid in the lungs and helps make the small air sacs in the lungs (alveoli) more stable.
Surfactant prevents collapse by reducing what?
The surface tension of the fluids that line the lungs and helping to equalize the pressures btw large and small air spaces.
This plots the proportion of hemoglobin in its saturated form on the vertical axis against the prevailing oxygen tension on the horizontal axis.
Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve.
Why is the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve important?
for understanding how our blood carries and releases oxygen.
What is the Bohr effect?
A decrease in pH shifts the standard curve to the right, while an increase shifts it to the left.
What does the variation of the hydrogen ion concentration do?
Changes the blood’s pH.
How does CO2 affect the curve?
- influences intracellular pH and 2. CO2 accumulation casuses carbamino compounds to be generated through chemical interactions
Low levels of carbamino compounds have the effect of shifting the curve to the ____ while higher levels cause a _____ shift
right, leftward
What is 2,3 DPG?
2,3-diphosphoglycerate, is an organophosphate which are created in erythrocytes during glycolysis
Hyperthermia causes a ____ shift and hypothermia causes a _____shift.
rightward, leftward
Hemoglobin binds with carbon monoxide ___times more readily than with oxygen
240 (therefore the presence of carbon monoxide can interfere with the hemoglobin’s acquisition of oxygen.
Which way does the carbon monoxide shift?
leftward
When a person has an increased level of carbon monoxide they can suffer from what?
hypoxemia while maintaining a normal PO2.
What is Methemoglobinemia?
A form of abnormal hemoglobin
Which direction does methemoglobinemia curve?
Leftward shift
Transportation of oxygen is done by what?
hemoglobin in RBC
Transportation of carbon dioxide is done by what?
10% plasma
15% combo of protein and hemoglobin and plasma
75% ionic version formed when CO2
CO2 + H2O =
H2CO3 which breaks down into H ions + HCO3
What is Hyperventilation?
Deep and rapid respiration resulting in altered blood pH leading to dizziness and tingling, increased respiratory rate without increased metabolism.
What is Hypoventilation?
Insufficient amount of air entering the alveoli (becoming more acidic)
What is Hyperpnea?
Increased respiratory rate and/ or volume in response to increased metabolism.
What is Tachypnea?
Rapid breathing; usually increased respiratory rate with decreased depth
What is Dyspnea?
Difficulty breathing (“air hunger”)
What is Apnea?
Cessation of breathing
What is Cyanosis?
Bluish tinged skin
What is Hypoxia?
Lower than normal levels of oxygen
What is Hypoxemia?
Lower than normal oxygen concentration in arterial blood
What is Suffocation?
No breathing.
How much of the body does the lungs take up?
1/3 of the body
The medulla oblongata is the center for what?
Medullary rhythmicity center
What does the Medulla Oblongata do?
Extends throughout the length and is responsible for the depth of breathing by controlling inspiratory and expiratory muscles
The pons is the center for what?
pontine respiratory group
What is the pons responsible for?
Responsible for the basic rhythm of breathing by integrating sensory information
The movement of gas though the larynx, pharynx and mouth allows humans to speak or ____
phonate
Alveolar ventilation=
Ventilation rate x (tidal volume - dead space)
Description of Eupnea
Normal quiet breathing
Definition of the mouth-oral cavity
Hard and soft palate to the throat partitioned by the uvula-which blocks the nasal cavity during swallowing.
What is the 6 organs of the digestive tract?
Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine
What is mastication?
Chewing accomplished by the teeth
What does the saliva do?
Lubricates, and has the digestive enzyme-salivary amylase-breaks down starch into sugar
What 4 things happen in the mouth after eating food?
Ingestion
mastication
saliva
degultition
What is deglution
Initiates swalling
What are the 4 parts of the Pharynx?
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
epiglottis
What is the nasopharynx?
adenoids
What is the Oropharynx?
lingual tonsils
What is the epiglottis?
Leaf shaped cartilage at the base of the laryngopharynx that keeps food from entering the trachea during swallowing
What is the esophagus?
Muscular passageway to the stomach
Where does the stomach begin?
Cardiac sphincter
Where does the stomach end?
Pyloric sphincter
What is the Sphincter?
muscular band that regulates the movement of the bolus.
What does the general shape of the stomach include?
Lesser curvature, greater curvature, fundus storage area, and rugae ridges
What is the function of the stomach?
To introduce gastric juice which includes HCL
What does HCL do?
Breaks down protein and destroys foreign organisms and pepsin
What is pepsin?
Enzyme which digests proteins in conjuction with HCL
What is the ultimate product of the stomach?
Chyme
What does chyme consist of?
bolus and gastric juice
What does the small intestine contain?
plicase circulares, goblet cells, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and ileocecal valve
What are the plicae circulares?
folds that increase the surface area of the walls to maximize absorption and do not stretch out with the pressure of chyme
What is the Ileocecal valve?
separator between the small intestine and the large intestine
What is the function of the small intestine?
Primary nutrient absorption tube via villi and microvilli
What are the 4 ways the small intestine absorbs nutrients?
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport-(amino acids)
Diffusion-(electrolytes)
Osmosis-(Water)
What is the function of the Large intestine?
primary water absorption tube
What are the 8 parts of the large intestine?
- teniae coli
- ascending a. vermiform appendix b. cecum
- transverse 4. desceding 5. sigmoid 6. rectum 7. anal canal 8. anus
What are the 4 accessory organs of the digestive tract?
Salivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
The salivary glands produce _____ which contains _____.
Saliva , lysozyme
What does lysozyme help do?
Reduce bacterial growth
What does salivary amylase do?
converts carbohydrates into starch and sugar
What are the three salivary glands?
Parotid, sublingual, and submandibular
What does the liver manufacture?
bile
What does the bile help do?
digest fats
The liver is the storage of glucose in the form of what?
Glycogen
The liver is the area for formation of blood plasma proteins and _____ _____.
Clotting factors
The liver is also the place of destruction of what? and recycling of byproducts ___ ___
Old RBC, iron and bilirubin
In the liver is the synthesis of what?
Urea-
What is urea?
nitrogen based waste product
What does the gallbladder store?
bile
Where is the bile released?
from the gallbladder when chyme enters into the duodenum for the emulsification of fats
What does the pancreas produce?
inactive forms of enzymes that digest fats, proteins, carbs, and nucleic acids
What does Lipase digest?
mostly fats
What does amylase do?
changes starch to sugar
What does trypsin do?
splits proteins into digestible amino acids
What does the Nucleases do?
Digests RNA and DNA from nutrient cells.
