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Physical Geology > EXAM 6 > Flashcards

EXAM 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Resources that can be replenished over relatively short timespans

A

Renewable Resources

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2
Q

Significant deposits that take millions of years to form

A

Nonrenewable Resources

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3
Q

How much World** Energy consumption comes from non-renewable resources

A

90%

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4
Q

How much US Electricity Consumption comes from non-renewable resources

A

60%

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5
Q

Fuel sources derived from remains of marine plants and animals

A

Oil & Natural Gas

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6
Q

Solid fuel source formed mostly from plant material

A

Coal

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7
Q

Useful metallic minerals that can be mined at a profit.

A

Ore

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8
Q

Most minerals have very ___ concentrations in ore rocks

A

Low

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9
Q

Separation of heavy minerals that crystallize early

A

Magmatic Segregation

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10
Q

Metal-rich fluids that are remnants of late stage magmatic processes. Moves along fractures, cools, and precipitates metallic ions to produce vein deposits.

A

Hydrothermal solutions

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11
Q

Concentrating metals into economically valuable concentrations.

A

Secondary Enrichment

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12
Q

Deposits formed when heavy metals are mechanically concentrated by currents

A

Placers/Placer Deposits

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13
Q

Glaciers in mountainous areas that flow down a valley from an accumulation center at its head.

A

Valley (alpine) glaciers

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14
Q

Ice flows out in all directions from one or more snow accumulation centers

A

Ice Sheets

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15
Q

Which form of glacier is bigger?

A

Ice Sheets

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16
Q

Movement of Glaciers

A

Flow

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17
Q

Flow occurring within the ice

A

Plastic flow

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18
Q

Entire ice mass slipping along the ground

A

Basal Slip

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19
Q

Area where a glacier forms

A

Zone of accumulation

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20
Q

Area of a glacier where there is net loss

A

Zone of wastage

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21
Q

2 ways that glaciers erode the land:

A

Plucking and Abrasion

22
Q

Tall u-shaped glacial valley structure

A

Hanging valley

23
Q

A thin, jagged crest that separates—or that once separated—two adjacent glaciers.

A

Arete

23
Q

Bowl-shaped depression on the side of or near mountains.

A

Cirque

24
Q

Pointed peaks bound on at least 3 sides by glaciers

A

Horn

25
Q

Most glacial valleys have a characteristic __ shape.

A

U

26
Q

unsorted glacial sediment.

A

Till

27
Q

comprised of layered deposits of sand, gravel, silt and clay laid down thousands of years ago by glacial meltwaters.

A

Stratified drift

28
Q

a mass of rocks and sediment carried down and deposited by a glacier, typically as ridges at its edges or extremity.

A

Moraine

29
Q

A ______ moraine forms along the sides of a glacier. As the glacier scrapes along, it tears off rock and soil from both sides of its path.

A

Lateral

30
Q

A ______ moraine is found on top of and inside an existing glacier. _____ moraines are formed when two glaciers meet.

A

Medial

31
Q

A _____ moraine is also sometimes called an end moraine. It forms at the very end of a glacier

A

Terminal

32
Q

_________ moraines are often observed as a series of transverse ridges running across a valley behind a terminal moraine.

A

Recessional

33
Q

A _________ moraine consists of an irregular blanket of till deposited under a glacier.

A

Ground

34
Q

formed of glaciofluvial deposits due to meltwater outwash at the terminus of a glacier.

A

Outwash plains

35
Q

________ form when a block of ice leaves the glacier, submerges into the ground and melts.

A

Kettles

36
Q

Smooth elongated parallel hills that can be used to identify the direction of glacial movement.

A

Drumlins

37
Q

Formed by glaciers pushing inwards on the earth’s crust

A

Crustal subsidence

38
Q

Proper reforming of crust after glaciers causing crustal subsidence has stopped.

A

Crustal rebound

39
Q

Possible cause of glaciation explained by variations in earth’s orbit.

A

Milankovitch Hypothesis

40
Q

Methods for detecting changes in earth’s climate

A

Either temperature or precipitation

41
Q

3 most important factors in the atmosphere.

A

Water vapor, aerosols, and CO2

42
Q

____ & ____ absorb ultraviolet radiation given off by earth.

A

Water vapor & CO2

43
Q

______ act as surfaces for condensation, also serving as good absorbers & reflectors.

A

Aerosols

44
Q

Process where radiant energy that is absorbed heats Earth and is eventually redirected skyward.

A

Natural Greenhouse Effect

45
Q

__% of incoming solar radiation is actually absorbed by the earth’s surface

A

50%

46
Q

Natural occurrences that can have an effect on earth’s climate

A

Plate tectonics, variations in earth’s orbit, volcanic activity, changes in Sun’s output.

47
Q

Changes that reinforce initial changes are called:

A

Positive-feedback mechanisms

48
Q

Produce results that are the opposite of the initial change and tend to offset it:

A

Negative-feedback mechanisms

49
Q

Difference between Instrumental records and proxy measurements

A

Instrumental - Comparative data collected over the last ~100 years; Proxy - Environmental happenings that give clues to history.

50
Q

Approximate concentration of CO2 currently present in our atmosphere

A

440 ppm

Physical Geology (2 decks)

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