EXAM 6

Question 1

Resources that can be replenished over relatively short timespans

Answer 1

Renewable Resources

Question 2

Significant deposits that take millions of years to form

Answer 2

Nonrenewable Resources

Question 3

How much World** Energy consumption comes from non-renewable resources

Answer 3

90%

Question 4

How much US Electricity Consumption comes from non-renewable resources

Answer 4

60%

Question 5

Fuel sources derived from remains of marine plants and animals

Answer 5

Oil & Natural Gas

Question 6

Solid fuel source formed mostly from plant material

Answer 6

Coal

Question 7

Useful metallic minerals that can be mined at a profit.

Answer 7

Ore

Question 8

Most minerals have very ___ concentrations in ore rocks

Answer 8

Low

Question 9

Separation of heavy minerals that crystallize early

Answer 9

Magmatic Segregation

Question 10

Metal-rich fluids that are remnants of late stage magmatic processes. Moves along fractures, cools, and precipitates metallic ions to produce vein deposits.

Answer 10

Hydrothermal solutions

Question 11

Concentrating metals into economically valuable concentrations.

Answer 11

Secondary Enrichment

Question 12

Deposits formed when heavy metals are mechanically concentrated by currents

Answer 12

Placers/Placer Deposits

Question 13

Glaciers in mountainous areas that flow down a valley from an accumulation center at its head.

Answer 13

Valley (alpine) glaciers

Question 14

Ice flows out in all directions from one or more snow accumulation centers

Answer 14

Ice Sheets

Question 15

Which form of glacier is bigger?

Answer 15

Ice Sheets

Question 16

Movement of Glaciers

Answer 16

Flow

Question 17

Flow occurring within the ice

Answer 17

Plastic flow

Question 18

Entire ice mass slipping along the ground

Answer 18

Basal Slip

Question 19

Area where a glacier forms

Answer 19

Zone of accumulation

Question 20

Area of a glacier where there is net loss

Answer 20

Zone of wastage

Question 21

2 ways that glaciers erode the land:

Answer 21

Plucking and Abrasion

Question 22

Tall u-shaped glacial valley structure

Answer 22

Hanging valley

Question 23

A thin, jagged crest that separates—or that once separated—two adjacent glaciers.

Answer 23

Arete

Question 23

Bowl-shaped depression on the side of or near mountains.

Answer 23

Cirque

Question 24

Pointed peaks bound on at least 3 sides by glaciers

Answer 24

Horn

Question 25

Most glacial valleys have a characteristic __ shape.

Answer 25

U

Question 26

unsorted glacial sediment.

Answer 26

Till

Question 27

comprised of layered deposits of sand, gravel, silt and clay laid down thousands of years ago by glacial meltwaters.

Answer 27

Stratified drift

Question 28

a mass of rocks and sediment carried down and deposited by a glacier, typically as ridges at its edges or extremity.

Answer 28

Moraine

Question 29

A ______ moraine forms along the sides of a glacier. As the glacier scrapes along, it tears off rock and soil from both sides of its path.

Answer 29

Lateral

Question 30

A ______ moraine is found on top of and inside an existing glacier. _____ moraines are formed when two glaciers meet.

Answer 30

Medial

Question 31

A _____ moraine is also sometimes called an end moraine. It forms at the very end of a glacier

Answer 31

Terminal

Question 32

_________ moraines are often observed as a series of transverse ridges running across a valley behind a terminal moraine.

Answer 32

Recessional

Question 33

A _________ moraine consists of an irregular blanket of till deposited under a glacier.

Answer 33

Ground

Question 34

formed of glaciofluvial deposits due to meltwater outwash at the terminus of a glacier.

Answer 34

Outwash plains

Question 35

________ form when a block of ice leaves the glacier, submerges into the ground and melts.

Answer 35

Kettles

Question 36

Smooth elongated parallel hills that can be used to identify the direction of glacial movement.

Answer 36

Drumlins

Question 37

Formed by glaciers pushing inwards on the earth's crust

Answer 37

Crustal subsidence

Question 38

Proper reforming of crust after glaciers causing crustal subsidence has stopped.

Answer 38

Crustal rebound

Question 39

Possible cause of glaciation explained by variations in earth's orbit.

Answer 39

Milankovitch Hypothesis

Question 40

Methods for detecting changes in earth's climate

Answer 40

Either temperature or precipitation

Question 41

3 most important factors in the atmosphere.

Answer 41

Water vapor, aerosols, and CO2

Question 42

____ & ____ absorb ultraviolet radiation given off by earth.

Answer 42

Water vapor & CO2

Question 43

______ act as surfaces for condensation, also serving as good absorbers & reflectors.

Answer 43

Aerosols

Question 44

Process where radiant energy that is absorbed heats Earth and is eventually redirected skyward.

Answer 44

Natural Greenhouse Effect

Question 45

__% of incoming solar radiation is actually absorbed by the earth's surface

Answer 45

50%

Question 46

Natural occurrences that can have an effect on earth's climate

Answer 46

Plate tectonics, variations in earth's orbit, volcanic activity, changes in Sun's output.

Question 47

Changes that reinforce initial changes are called:

Answer 47

Positive-feedback mechanisms

Question 48

Produce results that are the opposite of the initial change and tend to offset it:

Answer 48

Negative-feedback mechanisms

Question 49

Difference between Instrumental records and proxy measurements

Answer 49

Instrumental - Comparative data collected over the last ~100 years; Proxy - Environmental happenings that give clues to history.

Question 50

Approximate concentration of CO2 currently present in our atmosphere

Answer 50

440 ppm