Exam 6 Flashcards by Jennifer Torres

Define meiosis

A type of cell division that produces daughter cells with the half number of chromosomes of the original cell that divides (spermatogonia or oogonia) the resulting cells are called gametes.

These are reproductive cells called haploid cells

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Meiosis occurs in how many stages

Meiosis I and meiosis ll

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Difference between mitosis and meiosis

Mitosis produces 2 daughter cells

Meiosis produces 4 daughter cells and they are not all genetically identical

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Define spermatogenesis

A type of cell division in males that consists of meiosis resulting in the production of four genetically unique gamete’s called sperm cells

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Define oogenesis

Out of the gamate’s that result one is functional

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Where are located-penetrating enzymes found in the sperm cell

The acrosome

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How many chromosomes do gamates have

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What is the function of the blood testis barrier

It protects developing sperm cells against its own immune system and toxins

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Describe the secretion of bulbourethral glands

Clear, alkaline, lubricating secretion prior to ejaculation

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Describe secretion of prostate gland

Milky, acidic secretion

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Describe secretion of seminal vesicles

Fructose and citric acid nourishing secretion, produces 70% of the seminal secretions

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What is the final product of spermiogenesis

4 haploid cells called spermatozoa

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What procedure removes the prepuce from the male penis

The prep use is a fold of loose skin that covers the glans of the penis, it is removed in a procedure called circumcision

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What temperature does spermatogenisis require

Spermatogenesis is a temperature sensitive process; it requires a temperature lower than core body temperature

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In what structures does spermatogenesis occur?

Seminiferous tubules

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List the male reproductive ducts starting with the seminiferous tubules

Seminiferous tubules,
Rete testis
Epididymis
Ductus (vas) deferens

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Define vasectomy

Procedure that blocks the passage of sperm from the epididymas to the urethra

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During which phase of meiosis does chromosomal crossover occur

Prophase l

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What is the genetic significance of chromosomal crossover

Crossing over occurs during prophase l of meiosis, it leads to genetic variation in the chromosomes

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What reproductive organs produce sex hormones and gamates

Gonads ( primary sex organs)

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List three functions of the hormone estrogen

Promotes oogenesis
Important in the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle
Produces secondary sex characteristics like; growth of breast at puberty, uterine growth, pubic hair growth

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Explaintwo ways in which spermatogenesis and oogenesis differ

Spermatogenesis begins at puberty while oogenesis begins before birth

Spermatogenesis produces four functional gametes while oogenesis produces only one functional gamete

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List the phases of the ovarian cycle

Follicular phase followed by the lateral phase. Ovulation marks the transition from one phase to the other

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List the phases of the uterine (menstrual) cycle

Menstrual phase

Proliferative phase

Secretory phase

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Menstrual phase

The phase marked by low hormone levels causing the functional layer of the endometrium to shed (days 1-5 of the cycle

Proliferative phase

A phase marked by rebuilding of the functional layer of the endometrium, due to elevated estrogen levels

Secretory phase

Phase where the endometrium prepares for implantation, it is driven by elevated levels of progesterone

During which phase of the menstrual cycle does thee corpus luteum form?

In the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle from the ruptured vesicular follicle

What ovarian structure is targeted by the hormones FSH and LH after ovulation has taken place

The corpus luteum

What hormone “triggers” ovulation to occur

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the endometrium prepare for implantation

During the secretory phase

What combination of sex chromosomes result in the development of a biological male?

XY= Male

What combination of sex chromosomes result in the development of a biological female

XX=female

Which gamete determines the biological gender of their offspring

The males sperm carry’s either an X or Y chromosome that is important in determining sex

What is the function of the scrotum?

It contains the testes and regulates their temperature

What is the function of the uterus

It is the site of implantation and where the embryo is nourished and protected during its development

What cells produce testosterone

Leading cells (interstitial cells

Name two hormones produced by the ovaries

Estrogen and progesterone

Where are sperm stored after they are produced

After sperm are produced, they enter the epididymis

During which phase of the uterine cycle are hormone levels at their lowest

At the start of the menstrual phase

Which phase of the uterine cycle is driven by elevated levels of estrogen

During the proliferative phase

During which part of the uterine cycle has ovulation taken place

At the end of Proliferative phase

Which phase of the uterine cycle is driven by elevated levels of progesterone

During the secretory phase

Which layer of the endometrium sheds in the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle

The functional layer ( stratum functionalis

Define vesicular follicle

A mature follicle that has an egg that is ovulated

How does the secondary oocyte that has been ovulated move through the uterine tube on its way to the uterus

It is moved by by cilia located on the cells lining the uterine tube

List the three layers of the uterine wall

Endometrium Myometrium (smooth muscle ) Perimetrium

List the three regions of the uterine tube in in order from lateral to medial

Infundibulum Ampulla Isthmus Uterus

In which layer of the endometrium does implantation occur

Stratum functionalis of the endometrium

What is the usual site of fertilization

Uterine tube

In what region of the ovary do ovarian follicles develop

In the cortex of the ovary. | Within each ovary, immature eggs develop in structures called ovarian follicles

Where are spermatogonia located within the seminiferous tubules

Sperm is produced in the seminiferous tubules from cells called spermatogonia located close to the outer edge of the tubules

What is the function of sustentocytes

Produce androgen-binding protein and nourish the developing spermatic as they grow into sperm cells

What is the difference between the corpus luteum and the corpus albicans

The corpus luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone | The corpus albicans does not secrete hormones

What is the tissue that surrounds the spongy urethra called

Corpus spongiosum

Where are interstitial cells located in the testes

They are located between (outside ) the seminiferous tubules

List two functions of the male urethra

Transports urine and sperm out of the body

List the three regions of the male urethra from proximal to distal

Prostatic urethra Membranous ( intermediate ) urethra Spongy urethra

What structure secretes estrogen and progesterone immediately after ovulation

Corpus luteum

What cells in the male gonads does FSH target

FSH targets the sustentocytes/Sertoli cells

What is the effect of FSH on sustentacular cells?

Sustentacular cells will secrete androgen-binding protein | (ABP) which is important for spermatogenesis

What is the effect of LH on interstitial cells?

Intestinal cells will secrete testosterone

What is a haploid cell?

Contains only one set of chromosomes (23 chromosomes)

What is a diploid cell?

A cell with two sets of chromosomes (one maternal, one paternal), they have a total of 46 chromosomes. Somatic cells are diploid.

What is the function of the ejaculatory duct?

Receives sperm from the ductus deferens and secretions | from the seminal glands

During what phase of meiosis do sister chromatids separate?

Anaphase Il of meiosis I!

List the structures of the vulva.

Labia minora, labia majora, clitoris, mons pubis

In what phase of meiosis is the secondary oocyte arrested in | when it's ovulated?

An ovulated oocyte is arrested in metaphase I and will ript | complete meiosis Il until after it is fertilized

What are polar bodies?

Three small cells that result from unequal divisions of cytoplasm in oogenesis, the one large egg cell has ample nutrients for its journey into the uterus

What is the Ph of the vagina

It is acidic