EXAM

Question 1

The ___________ of a language refers to the ways that symbols are combined within that language, whereas ___________ refers to the underlying meaning of these combined symbols.

Answer 1

surface structure; deep structure

Question 2

The extent to which a measure is consistent is referred to as _____________, whereas the extent to which a measure actually measures the construct it is intended to measure is called ___________.

Answer 2

reliability; validity

Question 3

Which of the following would be most representative of a child in Jean Piaget’s preoperational stage of development?

Answer 3

A child incorrectly assumes that everyone in a room has the same view of an object that he does.

Question 4

You study 100 children for a month, measuring how much TV they watch and how many aggressive acts they perform. You find that TV watching and aggression are highly and positively correlated. Based on this study, you:

Answer 4

cannot draw any causal conclusions about the relation between TV watching and aggression.

Question 5

Aaron has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. He appears to be confused most of the time and it is very difficult to communicate with him because it is often hard to understand exactly what he means. He frequently acts childlike and also displays inappropriate affect, such as the time that he laughed throughout the funeral of his uncle. Aaron would most likely be diagnosed with which type of schizophrenia?

Answer 5

disorganised

Question 6

In their most basic form, ____________ are statements expressing ideas and consist of concepts that are combined in a particular way.

Answer 6

propositions

Question 7

A young child who is showing a great deal of interest in and curiosity about the world would most likely be said to be in Erik Erikson’s:

Answer 7

initiative versus guilt stage.

Question 8

Which of the following is not a role adopted by a cultural consultant?   
resource
cultural advisor
marketer
broker

Answer 8

marketer

Question 9

You notice that media reports of different cultural groups often make you angry and you now question the content. This has only happened since studying Indigenous and cross-cultural psychology. This response can be best explained by:

Answer 9

reverse culture shock.

Question 10

According to Robert Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence, the environment may place demands on people that call for three different manifestations of intelligence called:

Answer 10

analytical, practical and creative.

Question 11

Attempts to confront and directly deal with the demands of the situation or to change the situation so that it is no longer stressful refer to which type of coping strategy?

Answer 11

problem-focused coping

Question 12

A stress researcher wants to look at the effect of meditation on anxiety. To do this, she creates two groups of subjects: one group receives instruction in meditation, whereas the other receives no training at all. One month later, she has subjects complete a questionnaire designed to measure anxiety and she looks to see whether there are any differences in anxiety between the two groups. In this experiment, the meditation condition (meditation vs no meditation) would be the _____________ variable and anxiety would be the _____________ variable.

Answer 12

independent; dependent

Question 13

Assume that there is a strong negative correlation between two variables: variable 1 and variable 2. If you know that a person’s score on variable 1 is low, what would be your best prediction for the person’s score on variable 2?

Answer 13

The person’s score on variable 2 should be high.

Question 14

The Rorschach inkblot test and the TAT are both examples of what are called:

Answer 14

projective tests.

Question 15

Hans Eysenck’s two-factor model of personality is unique compared to other trait models of personality in that it:

Answer 15

postulates a possible biological basis for his traits.

Question 16

The ability to accurately read and effectively respond to the reactions of other people or yourself is considered to be an essential part of:

Answer 16

emotional intelligence.

Question 17

Modelling plays the most important role in which of the following therapies?

Answer 17

social skills training

Question 18

The dopamine hypothesis specifically asserts that ______________ may be caused by the ______________ of this particular neurotransmitter.

Answer 18

schizophrenia; overactivity

Question 19

Conventions surrounding a lack of eye contact could indicate:
all of the answers provided.
shyness.
respect.
relative social status.

Answer 19

all of the answers provided.

Question 20

It is appropriate to assume that Western psychological assessment measures can be applied in cross-cultural contexts. True or False

Answer 20

False

Question 21

An Australian family with two children (a boy and a girl) moves to Germany, where both of the children must learn a new language. The girl is 6 and the boy is 16. Based on the results on the acquisition of a second language, we would expect that:

Answer 21

the girl, but not the boy, would eventually master the grammar of German about as well as the grammar of English.

Question 22

_____________ specifically refers to the understanding that gender is a permanent characteristic and it usually develops in children by the time they are 6 or 7 years old.

Answer 22

Gender constancy

Question 23

Tests that contain novel problems that presumably measure a person’s potential for future learning and performance are called __________ tests.

Answer 23

aptitude

Question 24

The definition of stress asserts that stress is the product of cognitive, physiological and behavioural responses that are evoked when there is a perceived imbalance between:

Answer 24

situational demands and personal resources.

Question 25

As part of an experiment, a person is asked to write an essay advocating an opinion that is opposite to her own. She is given no financial incentive to do this and after completing the essay, an experimenter finds that her prior attitude has shifted toward the one advocated in the essay she just wrote. The opinions of other participants in the study who received a financial incentive ($20) for writing a counterattitudinal essay did NOT show similar shifts. This example is most relevant to which of the following?

Answer 25

cognitive dissonance

Question 26

Stress researchers typically refer to the daily hassles that most people encounter, such as being stuck in traffic or having their computer crash, as:

Answer 26

microstressors.

Question 27

A researcher conducting a study on the effectiveness of a new prescription medication gives the actual medication to a group of people. A second group of participants are told they are receiving the medication but instead are given an inert sugar pill. Although the drug is found to be effective for the people who actually took it, a sizeable percentage of the people given the sugar pill also improve. The improvement of this second group is most likely due to:

Answer 27

the placebo effect.

Question 28

José has thought very little about questions regarding his personal identity, the kind of person he would like to be and the kind of life that he would like to live. Instead, he has adapted the values of his peer group without any real critical evaluation of them. The researcher James Marcia would most likely say that José is in a state of identity:

Answer 28

foreclosure.

Question 29

For Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, the term 'country' refers to:

Answer 29

a specific geographic location with spiritual and linguistic significance.

Question 30

The size or absolute value of the correlation coefficient tells us:

Answer 30

the strength of the association

Question 31

According to Charles Spearman, a person's ability to do well on a test of mathematical ability and their ability to do well on a test of verbal ability would:

Answer 31

both come from a g factor.

Question 32

A researcher is examining the relation between two variables: variable X and variable Y. If she is conducting a correlational study, the researcher ____________ variable X and ____________ variable Y.

Answer 32

measures; measures

Question 33

The plus or minus sign (+/–) on the correlation coefficient reflects

Answer 33

the direction of the association.

Question 34

The extreme position that language not only influences but determines what we are capable of thinking is known as the:

Answer 34

linguistic relativity hypothesis.

Question 35

First generation migrants can often attempt to retain elements of their culture, resulting in integration or separation from the host culture; further a lack of contact with their original culture can result in:

Answer 35

the 'stopped clock' phenomenon.

Question 36

Trang is participating in an attachment experiment involving the strange situation. When his mother is present with the stranger, he explores the room and is friendly with the stranger. However, when the mother leaves, he becomes upset and starts to cry. When she returns, he happily greets her and then returns to his previous explorations. Trang would most likely be classified as a(n) _______________ child.

Answer 36

securely attached

Question 37

Christopher has a father who gets very upset with him when he fails in sports. While getting ready to bat at a little league baseball game, he starts to think about how disappointed and upset his dad will be with him if he fails to get a hit. As a result of his cognitive appraisals, Christopher gets very anxious and strikes out. His thoughts best illustrate which of the following?

Answer 37

appraisal of consequences

Question 38

Token economies are often used in _______________ and they attempt to modify behaviour by using _______________.

Answer 38

behaviour modification; positive reinforcement

Question 39

The tendency for people to work less hard when they are working in a group than when they are working alone is known as:

Answer 39

social loafing.

Question 40

Which of the following formulas was originally used by William Stern to determine a person's intelligence quotient?

Answer 40

IQ = (mental age ÷ chronological age) × 100

Question 41

A clinical psychologist has developed a new form of psychotherapy to treat a particular personality disorder. In order to test its effectiveness, a group of people with the personality disorder is selected to receive the therapy for eight weeks. A second group of people with the disorder is also created, but this group receives no therapy at all. At the end of the eight weeks, the mental health of people in both groups is assessed to evaluate the new psychotherapy. In this study, the people who did NOT receive any therapy would be in the:

Answer 41

control group.

Question 42

A psychologist fails to recognise the cultural meaning of "sorry cuts" in Aboriginal society and wrongly claims self-harm. This is best described by:

Answer 42

cultural encapsulation.

Question 43

In the case of Tom discussed in the text, it was pointed out how his trait of disagreeableness may motivate him to behave in irritable, cynical and uncooperative ways. These behaviours likely trigger negative reactions in his friends, and these social consequences may in turn serve to strengthen and reinforce Tom's personality and his social behaviour. This example best demonstrates the concept of:

Answer 43

reciprocal determinism.

Question 44

________________ concerns a willingness to invest in therapy and to take the risks required to make changes and it is considered to be an important type of ___________ variable associated with treatment outcomes.

Answer 44

Openness; client

Question 45

A therapist asks her client to begin sharing the various thoughts and feelings that are currently in her awareness. This continues for several minutes, with the client commenting on the changing process of what is appearing in her conscious mind. This therapist is using the therapeutic technique known as:

Answer 45

free association.

Question 46

The primary difference between Lawrence Kohlberg's stage 3 and stage 4 moral reasoning is that in stage 3, children base their decisions on ___________, whereas in stage 4 they base them on ____________.

Answer 46

gaining approval; rules that must be obeyed

Question 47

A person who is intellectual, imaginative and has a broad range of interests would mostly likely score highly on a measure of:

Answer 47

openness.

Question 48

Which of the following would NOT be considered a challenge or limitation that confronts the trait approach to personality?

Answer 48

There needs to be less reliance on factor analysis to determine traits because of the severe limitations of this statistical tool.

Question 49

The principle of group polarisation refers to how:

Answer 49

the average opinion of like-minded group members becomes more extreme after discussing an issue.

Question 50

Which of the following statements regarding obsessive-compulsive disorder is FALSE? - Obsessions are unwelcome thoughts that intrude into consciousness. - Compulsions are typically irrational. - Obsessions are usually very difficult if not impossible to control. - Obsessions are usually triggered by external stimuli or situations.

Answer 50

Obsessions are usually triggered by external stimuli or situations.

Question 51

Alfred Binet made which of the following assumptions when developing his intelligence measure? - The characteristics of successful people are largely determined by the environment. - Mental abilities develop with age and the variable rate of this development is determined by the environment. - The characteristics of successful people are largely determined by heredity. - Mental abilities develop with age and the constant rate of this development is an internal characteristic of the person.

Answer 51

Mental abilities develop with age and the constant rate of this development is an internal characteristic of the person.

Question 52

Suppose you were designing an obedience study and wanted to reduce or lower the obedience rates found by Stanley Milgram. Which of the following would most likely generate the results you want? - have the participants feel fully responsible for the victim's welfare - place the victims in a separate room where the participant can't see them - have an authority figure who is perceived to be legitimate - have your participants all be women

Answer 52

have the participants feel fully responsible for the victim's welfare

Question 53

The humanistic concept of self-actualisation refers to the process of:

Answer 53

realising our full human potential.

Question 54

The disorder formerly called multiple personality disorder is now known as:

Answer 54

dissociative identity disorder.

Question 55

_____________ are best described as relatively stable cognitive, emotional and behavioural characteristics that help establish people's individual identities and distinguish them from others.

Answer 55

Traits

Question 56

In subsequent experiments examining the factors that influence conformity, Solomon Asch determined that:

Answer 56

conformity increased as group size increased from 1 to about 4 or 5, but further increases in group size did not increase conformity.

Question 57

Carl Rogers believed that ____________ can produce serious negative consequences for people by creating significant _____________ between self-perceptions and experience along with a need to distort or alter important experiences.

Answer 57

conditions of worth; incongruence

Question 58

Most antipsychotic medications achieve their effects by blocking the activity of:

Answer 58

dopamine.

Question 59

Robert recently became paralysed from the waist down. Although mildly concerned, he does not show any of the typical anxiety or distress that we would usually expect from a person dealing with such a condition. A complete medical examination can locate no physical or physiological cause of the paralysis. Given the above information, it is most likely that Robert would be diagnosed with:

Answer 59

conversion disorder.

Question 60

Suppose you have a friend who strongly believes that he makes higher grades on tests when he wears his ‘lucky shirt'. Because of the confirmation bias, he is very likely to:

Answer 60

forget the times that he wore his lucky shirt but still made low test grades.

Question 61

Which of the following best illustrates the subjective-emotional component of anxiety?

Answer 61

feelings of tension and apprehension

Question 62

Severe instability of self-image, interpersonal relationships and emotions are all characteristics of:

Answer 62

borderline personality disorder.

Question 63

According to the _______________, people tend to underestimate the impact of situational factors and overestimate the impact of personal factors when explaining other people's behaviours.

Answer 63

fundamental attribution error

Question 64

In response to an immune challenge, natural immunity occurs _________, and is ___________.

Answer 64

quickly, non-specific

Question 65

Self-blame for a failure to adhere to a commitment and taking this failure as evidence for a lack of willpower or personal strength are most central to which of the following?

Answer 65

the abstinence violation effect

Question 66

According to the text, the next step in the problem-solving process after framing the problem is:

Answer 66

generating potential solutions.

Question 67

Sam has a problem with alcohol. He gets substantially drunk at parties four to five nights a week and it is not uncommon for him to experience blackouts. Despite his friends' concerns, Sam doesn't think he has a problem and believes that he is just being a typical university student. Sam would most likely be classified as being in the _______________ stage of change.

Answer 67

precontemplation

Question 68

The term ____________ refers to the rules that govern the organisation of the surface structure of a language, whereas __________ are rules that determine how symbols are connected to what they represent.

Answer 68

syntax; semantics

Question 69

One of the essential differences between experimental research and correlational research is that:

Answer 69

in correlational research all variables are measured, whereas in experimental research at least one variable is manipulated.

Question 70

In young infants, the rooting reflex refers to the behavioural process where an infant will:

Answer 70

turn her head and open her mouth when her cheek is touched.

Question 71

``` Raymond Cattell is most strongly associated with which of the following? the intelligence quotient or IQ emotional intelligence crystallised and fluid intelligence the g factor ```

Answer 71

crystallised and fluid intelligence

Question 72

Norm and Cliff have both recently been through relationship breakups. Norm decides to go to his favourite bar and talk with his friends about what's been happening. Cliff, by contrast, decides to go home and meditate in order to deal with his negative feelings. Based on the information provided, we would say that Norm is involved in _____________, whereas Cliff is involved in ____________.

Answer 72

seeking social support; emotion-focused coping

Question 73

Roger is tense and anxious almost every day. Although he is frequently worried and often has the sense that something bad is about to happen, he can't relate his anxiety to any particular situation or setting. He has difficulty getting restful sleep at night and often takes antacids for his upset stomach. Roger would most likely be diagnosed as having:

Answer 73

generalised anxiety disorder.

Question 74

The mere exposure effect, in which liking or attraction for something can increase just from multiple exposures to it, demonstrates the importance of ____________ with regard to attraction.

Answer 74

proximity

Question 75

Jerry is working with a therapist to get over his feelings of depression. The therapist points out how most of his depressive feelings appear to be produced by thoughts such as, ‘because she broke up with me, no one will ever love me!'. The therapist helps Jerry to identify when this previously automatic thought is present and suggests that he come up with some way of challenging this conclusion. Jerry most likely has a therapist who is using:

Answer 75

rational-emotive therapy.

Question 76

Harry Harlow's research with rhesus monkeys indicated that they appeared to develop more of an emotional bond with a ‘surrogate mother' who _________, a finding that has strong implications regarding the nature of ____________.

Answer 76

was made of soft terry cloth; attachment

Question 77

Working with people from other cultural backgrounds requires the psychologist to develop an understanding of what is and is not culturally 'normal'. True, False

Answer 77

True

Question 78

In psychoanalytic theory, it is assumed that whereas the person may consciously want help, there may be an unconscious motivation not to change. The defensive patterns that disrupt therapy and function to maintain the present condition are called:

Answer 78

resistance.

Question 79

When the original culture of a migrant is not maintained and there is little engagement with the host culture, it is described as:

Answer 79

marginalisation.

Question 80

The activities of the ______________ are primarily governed by the pleasure principle.

Answer 80

id

Question 81

All of the following are components of the cognitive-affective personality system (CAPS) model of personality, EXCEPT:

Answer 81

locus of control.

Question 82

A researcher is interested in examining the development and effects of shyness. To do this, she identifies a group of 100 shy children at age 10, and then follows them for the next 30 years, checking in periodically to gather additional information. This design is best described as a:

Answer 82

longitudinal design.

Question 83

In-group favouritism and the out-group homogeneity bias were both mentioned as possible contributing causes of:

Answer 83

prejudice.

Question 84

All of the following were mentioned as common features of most AIDS prevention programs, EXCEPT:

Answer 84

encourage people to self-monitor their risky behaviours.

Question 85

Under which of the following conditions are we most likely to make a personal attribution?

Answer 85

when consistency is high and distinctiveness and consensus are both low

Question 86

Underactivity of all of the following neurotransmitters has been linked to depression, EXCEPT:

Answer 86

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).

Question 87

Which of the following refers to your awareness and understanding of your own cognitive abilities?

Answer 87

metacognition

Question 88

The fact that IQ differences between African American and Caucasian American students has ____________ in recent years is generally taken as evidence that this difference may largely be a result of ____________ factors.

Answer 88

decreased; changeable environmental

Question 89

The promising new medication called clozapine is a(n) _______________ that does not appear to produce the negative symptoms of _____________ that are common with other drugs of this type.

Answer 89

antipsychotic drug; tardive dyskinesia

Question 90

In ______________, a previously positive conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with a noxious stimulus in an attempt to eliminate the undesirable behaviour evoked by the CS.

Answer 90

aversion therapy

Question 91

A family is forced to leave their home country in search of political and social asylum. This is an example of:

Answer 91

push migration.

Question 92

According to Jean Piaget, the process in which new information is incorporated into pre-existing schemas is known as:

Answer 92

assimilation.

Question 93

Pavlov began to think in terms of a general principle that eventually became the foundation of classical conditioning by observing repeatedly that dogs in his laboratory began to salivate when approached by the experimenter who fed them. This would represent an instance in which science is utilising __________ reasoning.

Answer 93

inductive

Question 94

Individual elements of a stimulus being analysed and then combined to form a unified perception refer to which of the following types of processing?

Answer 94

bottom-up processing

Question 95

Which of the following statements regarding the similarity of IQ between twins is FALSE?

Answer 95

The correlation for fraternal twins raised together is higher than for identical twins raised apart.

Question 96

MAO inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants treat depression by increasing levels of ______________ in the nervous system, whereas the SSRIs function to increase the activity of ______________.

Answer 96

norepinephrine and serotonin; only serotonin

Question 97

important thing to keep in mind when using the ‘Three Ds' to classify abnormal behaviour is that:

Answer 97

none of the criteria by themselves are necessary or sufficient to classify a behaviour as abnormal.

Question 98

Which of the following cognitive pain coping strategies involves focusing your attention on the physical sensations and studying them in a detached and unemotional fashion?

Answer 98

associative strategies

Question 99

Which of the following best represents the peripheral route of persuasion?

Answer 99

A person is persuaded because of non-message factors such as communicator attractiveness.

Question 100

Dr Kiel is designing a study to test the effectiveness of a new anxiety medication. The study includes a placebo control group and neither the participants nor the research assistants who give out the medications know whether the participant is receiving the actual drug or a placebo. This study is a good example of:

Answer 100

the double-blind procedure.