Exam Flashcards
Packaging Primary, secondary & tertiary
Primary; direct food contact cans bottles plastic bags
Secondary; encase primary packaging cardboard boxes
Tertiary; bundle secondary into larger containers or use over wrap for protection during transport and storage
- Passive packaging
- Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP)
- controlled Atmosphere Packaging
-Passive Packaging; Vacuum all of the oxygen is removed cannot be used for low acid foods
-modified atmosphere packaging; Air surrounding food in package changed to other composition
Controlled atmosphere packaging; allows oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange pads/sachets
Active packaging
Active packaging; responds to changes in the package environment
Extends shelf life *Desiccant begins absorbing moisture when the relative humidity reaches a specified level within a package
Time & Temperature indicators
Transparency and traceability
Transparency; maintain consumer confidence
Traceability; meet consumer demand, address bioterrorism concern facilitate investigation of food borne illness.
Key factors related to intentional contamination
-Unusual clustering of illness
-Unusual age distribution for common disease
-Patients with clinical signs and symptoms of infectious disease
-Large # of cases of acute paralysis
1984 Oregon salmonella typhimurirum 10 salad bars 751 illnesses typical in U.S. 5 cases per year
Traditional biotechnology
Modern biotechnology
Biotechnology
Traditional biotechnology; hybridization of crops all genes of parents combined example Durham wheat
Modern biotechnology; only one or few genes are transmitted crosses species barrier ex: BT Crops
Biotechnology; the use of living organisms to make a product or run a process
Pros and Cons using genetically modified foods
Benefits to crops; enhanced taste & quality
New products & growing techniques less chemical applied income stability for farmers reduced maturation time
Labeling isn’t required
Unknown health effects
Risks are more uncertain
Use of toxic pesticides
Irradiation and foods approved
Exposure of food to energy waves prevention off food borne illness
Control of insects
Preservation
Sterilization
Shell eggs, lettuce, spinach, raw beef poultry & pork spices & seasonings crustaceans and molluscan shellfish wheat & wheat flower variety of other fruits & vegetables
Genetic modification
Genetic engineering
Genetic modification; the process of changing an organisms genetic material to produce certain traits
Genetic engineering; the transfer of genes of genes between organisms “GE” “GMO”
generally performed to select for a certain trait
70-75% processed food products contain ingredients from genetically modified crops
Concerns regarding food irradiation
Negative emotions confusion with radioactive particles
Radura symbol for food labels it indicates food treated with radiation
Epidemiology
Unknown and known etiology
Foodborne disease outbreak (FBDO)
Epidemiology; studying the pattern of disease
Known etiology; outbreaks for which laboratory evidence of a specific agent is obtained and specified criteria are met
Unknown etiology outbreaks for which epidemiologic evidence implicates a food source but adequate laboratory confirmation is not obtained
Main purposes for food borne disease surveillance
Disease prevention and control
Acquiring knowledge of causes of disease
Administrative guidance
Key vulnerabilities to the food supply 1/2
1)Concentrated operations; animals being raised properly
2)Homogenous population
3)Lack of security/surveillance; wild animals
4)large quantity of product security issues
5)U.S. Disease reporting system; early identification of outbreaks is difficult
Concussion on Who to notify - little compensation for endures/producers
Key vulnerabilities to the food supply 2/2
1)live stock poultry - bred and reared in close proximity - can b in highly crowded conditions -Difficult to monitor health -Disease can spread rapidly 2) little natural resistance to pathogens ex; avian flu 2015 outbreak 3)farms - fields feedlots processing plants -High worker turnover 4)travels a long distance (avg.food product travels 1500 miles) handled by many people
Vector & Zoonosis
Vector; any agent that carries/transfers etiologic agent
Zoonosis; type of disease that is transmitted from animal to human
Ways growers can protect their crops from possible contamination
Water run off; manuer human waste & wild animals
Equipment; that is used in a harvesting process harvest equipment transport equipment, slaughter
Wild life animal housing
Usage of fences or other barriers application of manure local rainfall patterns and topography
Methods of antibiotics use in food producing animals
Therapeutic; treat infections - Enteric (gastrointestinal) -pulmonary -skin & organ abscesses -mastitis
Prophylactic; prevent infections
Subtherapeutic; growth promotion in feed or water 80% of animals receive (usually cattle, pigs & poultry)
Salmonella outbreak linked to eggs 2010
eggs became contaminated by fecal
DNA Finger print tool was used by CDC FDA
Outbreak was unusual compared to other salmonella outbreaks associated with eggs because it’s rare for the egg to have salmonella inside of it, it’s usually outside the shell.
Clostridium botulinum anaerobe
Spore forming anaerobic bacteria -sores found in soil & dust
Common sources: low-acid foods garlic in oil mixtures canned foods
Botulism; a bacterial intoxication one of the deadliest
Muscle paralysis
Fatigue
Respiratory failure
Why are the imports and exports of food products increasing?
Foods may be more cheaper can get foods out of season
Fresh produce increased imports because of increased demand
Fish & seafood are mostly imported in the U.S.
Challenges we are facing worn respect to the globalization of food
- Cross border contamination of infectious agents
- Problems in oversight different agencies have different authorities
- Weakness in flow of info among agencies
- Federal expenditures on food safety
- not based on volume of food regulated by agencies
Current trend with # of meat & poultry inspectors in relation to volume of meat and poultry being inspected in the US
Pounds of meat and poultry inspected
- approved have doubled
- 1981; 52billion pounds
- 2007; 104 billion pounds
- fewer inspectors for growing industry
- 1981; 190 workers per billion lbs. meat inspected
- 2007; 88 workers per billion lbs. meat inspected
Benefits of anti microbial use to the animal population and farmers
Healthier animal
Increasing weight and less feed
Higher quality meat
Reduce animal sickness/illness
Different period of disease development & during which periods are people most likely to report a food borne illness
Incubation period;no signs or symptoms
Prodramal period; mild signs or symptoms
Period of illness; most severe signs & symptoms most likely to report
Period of decline; signs & symptoms *most likely to report
Period of convalescence; healing
Ways resistant bacteria might spread to human
By consuming meat treated with antibiotics (on food product)
Living near industrial agriculture (swine farms) pig manuer used on soil ends up in dust
Bacteria transfers through water run-off
Antibiotics & Bacteria resistance
Lots of germs- few are drug resistant
- Antibiotics kill bacteria causing illness as well as good bacteria protecting the body from infection
- The drug resistant bacteria are now allowed to grow & take over
-some bacteria givSeven Ohh Two Nine Eight Five Six Four Three Nine their drug resistance to other bacteria causing more problems
