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Psych 1000 > Exam #5 > Flashcards

Exam #5 Flashcards

1
Q

perceived causes of disorders

A
  • movements of sun/moon
  • evil spirits, demons, witchcraft
  • religion
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2
Q

ancient treatments of disorders

A

-exorcism, cages, etc.

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3
Q

psychological disorder

A
  • a condition in which behavior is judged

- atypical, disturbing, unjustifiable & maladaptive

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4
Q

atypical

A
  • infrequent

- deviates from what is normal

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5
Q

disturbing

A
  • violates some ideal standard

- varies w/ time and culture

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6
Q

unjustifiable

A

-no good reason or explanation

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7
Q

maladaptive

A
  • harmful, distressing

- interferes w/ effective functioning

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8
Q

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual

A
  • manual of psychological disorders and their symptoms
  • lists over 250 different disorders
  • describes typical course of illness
  • diagnosis across 5 axis: clinical disorders, personality disorders, general medical conditions, psychosocial & environment problems, and global assessment of functioning
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9
Q

clinical disorders

A

mood, anxiety, schizophrenia, ADHS, eating disorders, etc.

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10
Q

personality disorders

A

stable & enduring parts of individual’s personality

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11
Q

general medical conditions

A

illnesses that could impact adjustment

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12
Q

psychosocial & environmental problems

A

problem in life such as job loss, divorce, etc.

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13
Q

global assessment of functioning

A

overall assessment of individual’s functioning

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14
Q

rates of disorders

A
  • any anxiety disorder = 26.8%
  • major depressive disorder = 16.6%
  • any disorder = 46.4%
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15
Q

anxiety disorders

A
  • disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety and/or maladaptive behaviors intended to reduce anxiety
  • generalized, panic, phobias, OCD
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16
Q

generalized anxiety disorder

A
  • unexplainably and continually tense and uneasy behavior lasting six months or more
  • feelings of dread and impending doom
  • low level
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17
Q

panic disorder

A
  • intense fear that something bad is about to happen (lasts several minutes or longer)
  • often fear of dying
  • symptoms include heart palpitations, shortness of breath, etc.
  • feels like a heart attack
  • high level
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18
Q

phobias

A
  • persistant, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation
  • fears become phobias when people have to build life around avoiding things they are afraid of
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19
Q

OCD

A
  • intruding, recurring thoughts (obsessions) create anxiety
  • relieved by performing a repetitive, ritualistic behavior (compulsions)
  • brain activity relationship (frontal and occipital)
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20
Q

mood disorders

A
  • characterized by emotional extremes

- major depressive, bipolar

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21
Q

major depressive disorder

A
  • two or more weeks of depressed mood often w/ no apparent reason
  • wide range of symptoms: emotional (feelings of sadness/hopelessness), behavioral (less facial expressions/eye contact), cognitive (difficulty thinking/concentrating), and physical (changes in appetite, insomnia)
  • stressful experiences > negative explanatory style > depressed mood > cognitive/behavioral changes (can be broken at any point)
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22
Q

bipolar disorder

A
  • person alternates between depression & mania

- hopelessness/despair & hyperactive/wildly optimistic (alternates)

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23
Q

schizophrenia

A
  • severe psychotic (loss of contact w/ reality) disorder

- characterized by delusions, disordered thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions & actions

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24
Q

delusions (schizophrenia)

A
  • false beliefs
  • persecution: beliefs that others are persecuting, spying on, or trying to harm them
  • grandeur: belief that they have great power, knowledge, or talent
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25
Q

disordered thinking (schizophrenia)

A

-thoughts are disorganized, bizarre, childish

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26
Q

disturbed perceptions (schizophrenia)

A

-hallucinations: false sensory experiences

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27
Q

inappropriate emotions or actions (schizophrenia)

A
  • emotions fluctuate rapidly, or may become blunted
  • unusual actions w/ special meaning
  • may become cataleptic (waxy flexibility)
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28
Q

biological contributors of schizophrenia

A
  • overactivity or specific neurotransmitter receptors
  • brain damage: enlarged ventricles
  • genetic or other biological predisposition
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29
Q

psychosocial (environmental) contributors

A

-stress can trigger a schizophrenic episode, especially family communication patterns w/ high levels of criticism, hostility, contradictory messages

30
Q

personality disorders

A
  • persistant, rigid, and maladaptive pattern of behavior
  • behavior interferes w/ normal social interactions
  • develop in childhood, onset in adolescence/early adulthood
  • antisocial, borderline, narcissistic
31
Q

antisocial personality disorder

A
  • no morals or conscience so no regard for consequences of behavior
  • often behaves in an impulsive behavior: aggressive & ruthless or clever con artist
  • usually male
32
Q

borderline personality disorder

A
  • relationships w/ others are intense & relatively unstable
  • moody, unstable, lacks a clear sense of identity, and often clings to others
33
Q

narcissistic personality disorder

A

-self absorbed, impulsive, reckless

34
Q

clinical psychology

A
  • field of psychology focusing on the assessment, diagnosis, & treatment of abnormal behavior
  • guided by the boulder model
35
Q

Boulder Model

A
  • integration of science and practice w/ ultimate goal of clinical utility
  • research practice
36
Q

psychiatrists

A
  • have an MD
  • prescribe drugs
  • endorse medical model
37
Q

psychologists

A
  • have a PhD
  • do not prescribe drugs
  • endorse biopsychosocial model
38
Q

medical model

A
  • abnormal behavior reflects a type of physical or mental illness or disease
  • can be “cured” through treatment including therapy and use of drugs
39
Q

biopsychosocial model

A
  • abnormal behavior can be treated by understanding the biological, psychological, and social factors at work
  • bio: genetics, brain structure & function
  • psycho: stress, trauma
  • social: social support
40
Q

psychotherapy

A

-a planned, emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and person seeking help

41
Q

humanistic therapy

A
  • self actualization, self accepting, & client centered

- non-directive

42
Q

self actualization (humanistic)

A

-problems occur when a persons potential is blocked

43
Q

self accepting (humanistic)

A

-when obstacles are removed, people can become self accepting (people are responsible for solving their own problems)

44
Q

client centered therapy (humanistic)

A
  • Carl Rogers
  • non-directive insight therapy
  • explores thoughts & feelings to obtain insights into causes of behavior
  • focus is on encouraging healthy emotional experiences by using 4 qualities of communication: empathy (help explore feelings farther), unconditional positive regard (accepting atmosphere, genuine caring), genuineness (authenticity, feelings of trust), active listening (therapist aches, restates, and clarifies; no interpretation)
45
Q

cognitive therapy

A
  • faulty though processes and beliefs cause problem behaviors and emotions
  • replace distorted, unrealistic beliefs w/ realistic thoughts
  • common distortions: jumping to conclusions, selective thinking; overgeneralization; magnification and minimization
46
Q

rational emotive therapy (cognitive)

A
  • Albert Ellis
  • A (activating event; ex. insult) > B (belief; ex. I must be liked by everyone to be happy) > C (consequent emotion; ex. unhappiness)
  • focuses on changing B
  • clients are directly challenged on irrational beliefs
  • restructures thinking into rational belief statements
  • directive (ex. provide hmwk assignments)
47
Q

behavior therapies

A
  • change behavior through learning new responses (learning created problem, new learning corrects problem)
  • action therapy, therapy based on classical conditioning, therapy based on operate conditioning
48
Q

therapy based on classical conditioning (behavioral)

A
  • systematic desensitization

- aversion therapy

49
Q

systematic desensitization (behavioral)

A
  • used to treat phobias
  • client is first taught deep muscle realization
  • next creates a list of ordered fears (hierarchy of fears)
  • pairs relaxation w/ fear
50
Q

aversion therapy (behavioral)

A
  • undesirable behavior is paired w/ aversive stimulus

- reduces frequency of behavior

51
Q

therapy based on operant conditioning (behavioral)

A

-reinforcement & extinction

52
Q

reinforcement (behavioral)

A
  • rewarding new response

- token economy: tokens reinforce behavior

53
Q

extinction (behavioral)

A
  • removal of reinforcer
  • reduces frequency of behavior
  • ex. time out
54
Q

psychoanalytic therapy

A
  • goal is to bring unconscious conflicts, usually from childhood, into consciousness
  • patient learns that conditions that caused conflicts no longer exist, which permits a release of tension and anxiety
  • methods include free association & interpretation, dream analysis, and interpretation of transference
55
Q

free association & interpretation (psychoanalytic)

A
  • patient free to say anything that comes to mind

- therapist notes resistance

56
Q

biological therapies (biomedical)

A
  • therapies directly affecting the biological functioning of body and brain
  • psychopharmacology (the use of drugs to control or relieve symptoms of psychological disorders)
  • anti-psychotic drugs (used to treat psychotic symptoms like delusions, hallucinations, etc.)
  • anti-anxiety drugs
  • antidepressant drugs
57
Q

eclectic therapy

A

-any combination of approaches that offers appropriate treatment

58
Q

effectiveness of psychotherapy

A
  • long term is better than short term
  • therapy w/ medication is not always better than just therapy
  • no type of therapy is better than another
  • freedom to choose therapist results in more improvement
  • psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers are equally good and better than marriage counselors and family drs
59
Q

social psychology

A
  • branch of psychology that studies how the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of individuals are influenced by the real, imagined, or implied, presence of others
  • behavior is influenced by many competing factors
60
Q

conformity

A
  • change in behavior due to real or imagined pressure from others
  • Sherif & Asch
61
Q

Sherif (conformity)

A
  • autokinetic effect
  • informational conformity: we conform bc we think the group has more info or knows the right answer (private acceptance)
62
Q

Asch (conformity)

A
  • line judging task
  • normative conformity: we conform to be part of the group, to be liked by the group, or to not be rejected by the group (public conformity)
63
Q

compliance

A
  • when we agree to a request or offer made by another person
  • often respond in automatic, mindless way
  • different from conformity bc here it’s actually asked
  • request often incorporates a principle of compliance gaining (reciprocity, social proof, scarcity)
64
Q

reciprocity (compliance)

A

-people feel like they have to return the favor

65
Q

social proof (compliance)

A

-biggest selling, fastest growing, we do what others do

66
Q

scarcity (compliance)

A

-limited time only

67
Q

persuasion

A
  • convince someone the merits of a position by presenting arguments
  • goal is to change a person’s attitude
68
Q

attitude

A
  • global and enduring pos or neg evaluation
  • use words like: like/dislike, good/bad, pro/con, for/against etc.
  • can be formed based on simple associations (see relationship between two things)
69
Q

obedience

A
  • someone demands something of you

- Milgram (shock experiment, 65% obeyed)

70
Q

order of increasing pressure

A

conformity > compliance > persuasion > obedience

71
Q

power of the situation

A
  • the situation exerts a great deal of influence on us

- behavior is pulled out by situation, not pushed out by us

72
Q

correspondance bias =

A

fundamental attribution error

Psych 1000 (2 decks)

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