Exam #5 Flashcards

1
Q

perceived causes of disorders

A
  • movements of sun/moon
  • evil spirits, demons, witchcraft
  • religion
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2
Q

ancient treatments of disorders

A

-exorcism, cages, etc.

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3
Q

psychological disorder

A
  • a condition in which behavior is judged

- atypical, disturbing, unjustifiable & maladaptive

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4
Q

atypical

A
  • infrequent

- deviates from what is normal

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5
Q

disturbing

A
  • violates some ideal standard

- varies w/ time and culture

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6
Q

unjustifiable

A

-no good reason or explanation

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7
Q

maladaptive

A
  • harmful, distressing

- interferes w/ effective functioning

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8
Q

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual

A
  • manual of psychological disorders and their symptoms
  • lists over 250 different disorders
  • describes typical course of illness
  • diagnosis across 5 axis: clinical disorders, personality disorders, general medical conditions, psychosocial & environment problems, and global assessment of functioning
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9
Q

clinical disorders

A

mood, anxiety, schizophrenia, ADHS, eating disorders, etc.

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10
Q

personality disorders

A

stable & enduring parts of individual’s personality

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11
Q

general medical conditions

A

illnesses that could impact adjustment

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12
Q

psychosocial & environmental problems

A

problem in life such as job loss, divorce, etc.

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13
Q

global assessment of functioning

A

overall assessment of individual’s functioning

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14
Q

rates of disorders

A
  • any anxiety disorder = 26.8%
  • major depressive disorder = 16.6%
  • any disorder = 46.4%
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15
Q

anxiety disorders

A
  • disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety and/or maladaptive behaviors intended to reduce anxiety
  • generalized, panic, phobias, OCD
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16
Q

generalized anxiety disorder

A
  • unexplainably and continually tense and uneasy behavior lasting six months or more
  • feelings of dread and impending doom
  • low level
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17
Q

panic disorder

A
  • intense fear that something bad is about to happen (lasts several minutes or longer)
  • often fear of dying
  • symptoms include heart palpitations, shortness of breath, etc.
  • feels like a heart attack
  • high level
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18
Q

phobias

A
  • persistant, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation
  • fears become phobias when people have to build life around avoiding things they are afraid of
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19
Q

OCD

A
  • intruding, recurring thoughts (obsessions) create anxiety
  • relieved by performing a repetitive, ritualistic behavior (compulsions)
  • brain activity relationship (frontal and occipital)
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20
Q

mood disorders

A
  • characterized by emotional extremes

- major depressive, bipolar

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21
Q

major depressive disorder

A
  • two or more weeks of depressed mood often w/ no apparent reason
  • wide range of symptoms: emotional (feelings of sadness/hopelessness), behavioral (less facial expressions/eye contact), cognitive (difficulty thinking/concentrating), and physical (changes in appetite, insomnia)
  • stressful experiences > negative explanatory style > depressed mood > cognitive/behavioral changes (can be broken at any point)
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22
Q

bipolar disorder

A
  • person alternates between depression & mania

- hopelessness/despair & hyperactive/wildly optimistic (alternates)

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23
Q

schizophrenia

A
  • severe psychotic (loss of contact w/ reality) disorder

- characterized by delusions, disordered thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions & actions

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24
Q

delusions (schizophrenia)

A
  • false beliefs
  • persecution: beliefs that others are persecuting, spying on, or trying to harm them
  • grandeur: belief that they have great power, knowledge, or talent
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25
disordered thinking (schizophrenia)
-thoughts are disorganized, bizarre, childish
26
disturbed perceptions (schizophrenia)
-hallucinations: false sensory experiences
27
inappropriate emotions or actions (schizophrenia)
- emotions fluctuate rapidly, or may become blunted - unusual actions w/ special meaning - may become cataleptic (waxy flexibility)
28
biological contributors of schizophrenia
- overactivity or specific neurotransmitter receptors - brain damage: enlarged ventricles - genetic or other biological predisposition
29
psychosocial (environmental) contributors
-stress can trigger a schizophrenic episode, especially family communication patterns w/ high levels of criticism, hostility, contradictory messages
30
personality disorders
- persistant, rigid, and maladaptive pattern of behavior - behavior interferes w/ normal social interactions - develop in childhood, onset in adolescence/early adulthood - antisocial, borderline, narcissistic
31
antisocial personality disorder
- no morals or conscience so no regard for consequences of behavior - often behaves in an impulsive behavior: aggressive & ruthless or clever con artist - usually male
32
borderline personality disorder
- relationships w/ others are intense & relatively unstable - moody, unstable, lacks a clear sense of identity, and often clings to others
33
narcissistic personality disorder
-self absorbed, impulsive, reckless
34
clinical psychology
- field of psychology focusing on the assessment, diagnosis, & treatment of abnormal behavior - guided by the boulder model
35
Boulder Model
- integration of science and practice w/ ultimate goal of clinical utility - research practice
36
psychiatrists
- have an MD - prescribe drugs - endorse medical model
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psychologists
- have a PhD - do not prescribe drugs - endorse biopsychosocial model
38
medical model
- abnormal behavior reflects a type of physical or mental illness or disease - can be "cured" through treatment including therapy and use of drugs
39
biopsychosocial model
- abnormal behavior can be treated by understanding the biological, psychological, and social factors at work - bio: genetics, brain structure & function - psycho: stress, trauma - social: social support
40
psychotherapy
-a planned, emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and person seeking help
41
humanistic therapy
- self actualization, self accepting, & client centered | - non-directive
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self actualization (humanistic)
-problems occur when a persons potential is blocked
43
self accepting (humanistic)
-when obstacles are removed, people can become self accepting (people are responsible for solving their own problems)
44
client centered therapy (humanistic)
- Carl Rogers - non-directive insight therapy - explores thoughts & feelings to obtain insights into causes of behavior - focus is on encouraging healthy emotional experiences by using 4 qualities of communication: empathy (help explore feelings farther), unconditional positive regard (accepting atmosphere, genuine caring), genuineness (authenticity, feelings of trust), active listening (therapist aches, restates, and clarifies; no interpretation)
45
cognitive therapy
- faulty though processes and beliefs cause problem behaviors and emotions - replace distorted, unrealistic beliefs w/ realistic thoughts - common distortions: jumping to conclusions, selective thinking; overgeneralization; magnification and minimization
46
rational emotive therapy (cognitive)
- Albert Ellis - A (activating event; ex. insult) > B (belief; ex. I must be liked by everyone to be happy) > C (consequent emotion; ex. unhappiness) - focuses on changing B - clients are directly challenged on irrational beliefs - restructures thinking into rational belief statements - directive (ex. provide hmwk assignments)
47
behavior therapies
- change behavior through learning new responses (learning created problem, new learning corrects problem) - action therapy, therapy based on classical conditioning, therapy based on operate conditioning
48
therapy based on classical conditioning (behavioral)
- systematic desensitization | - aversion therapy
49
systematic desensitization (behavioral)
- used to treat phobias - client is first taught deep muscle realization - next creates a list of ordered fears (hierarchy of fears) - pairs relaxation w/ fear
50
aversion therapy (behavioral)
- undesirable behavior is paired w/ aversive stimulus | - reduces frequency of behavior
51
therapy based on operant conditioning (behavioral)
-reinforcement & extinction
52
reinforcement (behavioral)
- rewarding new response | - token economy: tokens reinforce behavior
53
extinction (behavioral)
- removal of reinforcer - reduces frequency of behavior - ex. time out
54
psychoanalytic therapy
- goal is to bring unconscious conflicts, usually from childhood, into consciousness - patient learns that conditions that caused conflicts no longer exist, which permits a release of tension and anxiety - methods include free association & interpretation, dream analysis, and interpretation of transference
55
free association & interpretation (psychoanalytic)
- patient free to say anything that comes to mind | - therapist notes resistance
56
biological therapies (biomedical)
- therapies directly affecting the biological functioning of body and brain - psychopharmacology (the use of drugs to control or relieve symptoms of psychological disorders) - anti-psychotic drugs (used to treat psychotic symptoms like delusions, hallucinations, etc.) - anti-anxiety drugs - antidepressant drugs
57
eclectic therapy
-any combination of approaches that offers appropriate treatment
58
effectiveness of psychotherapy
- long term is better than short term - therapy w/ medication is not always better than just therapy - no type of therapy is better than another - freedom to choose therapist results in more improvement - psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers are equally good and better than marriage counselors and family drs
59
social psychology
- branch of psychology that studies how the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of individuals are influenced by the real, imagined, or implied, presence of others - behavior is influenced by many competing factors
60
conformity
- change in behavior due to real or imagined pressure from others - Sherif & Asch
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Sherif (conformity)
- autokinetic effect - informational conformity: we conform bc we think the group has more info or knows the right answer (private acceptance)
62
Asch (conformity)
- line judging task - normative conformity: we conform to be part of the group, to be liked by the group, or to not be rejected by the group (public conformity)
63
compliance
- when we agree to a request or offer made by another person - often respond in automatic, mindless way - different from conformity bc here it's actually asked - request often incorporates a principle of compliance gaining (reciprocity, social proof, scarcity)
64
reciprocity (compliance)
-people feel like they have to return the favor
65
social proof (compliance)
-biggest selling, fastest growing, we do what others do
66
scarcity (compliance)
-limited time only
67
persuasion
- convince someone the merits of a position by presenting arguments - goal is to change a person's attitude
68
attitude
- global and enduring pos or neg evaluation - use words like: like/dislike, good/bad, pro/con, for/against etc. - can be formed based on simple associations (see relationship between two things)
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obedience
- someone demands something of you | - Milgram (shock experiment, 65% obeyed)
70
order of increasing pressure
conformity > compliance > persuasion > obedience
71
power of the situation
- the situation exerts a great deal of influence on us | - behavior is pulled out by situation, not pushed out by us
72
correspondance bias =
fundamental attribution error