Exam 5 Flashcards by Dagan Duarte

The double layered membrane that surrounds the heart:

pericardium

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The sinoatrial (SA) node is the _____ of the heart.

pacemaker

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The lower area of the lung is called the:

base

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The uppermost area of the lung is called the:

apex

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Word for abnormal heart rhythm

dysrhythmia | arrhythmia

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What delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells of body tissue?

Cardiovascular System
[heart MUSCULAR PUMP]
[blood vessels FUEL LINE & TRANSPORTATION NETWORK]

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vessels that lead AWAY from the heart

Arteries

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move deoxygenated blood TOWARD the heart from the tissues [THINNER WALLS THAN ARTIES]

Veins

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form the point of exchange for oxygen and nutrients into body cells and waste products coming from body cells [SMALLEST VESSELS]

Capillaries

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btwn right atrium & right ventricle

Tricuspid Valve

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btwn left atrium & left ventricle

Mitral Valve

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btwn right ventricle & pulmonary artery

Pulmonary Valve

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btwn left atrium & aorta

Aortic Valve

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relaxation phase of the heartbeat

diastole

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contraction phase of the heartbeat

systole

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closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves at the beginning of a systole

lubb

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closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves at the end of the systole

dubb

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abnormal heart sound caused by improper valve closure

murmur

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origin of electrical impulse causing walls of the atria to contact and force blood into the ventricles (ending diastole)

Pacemaker

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record used to detect electrical changes in heart muscle as the heart beats

electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

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sends the excitation wave to a bundle of specialized fibers called the atrioventricular bundle [Bundle of His]

Atrioventricular (AV) node

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helps form conduction myofibers that extend to ventricle walls and stimulate them to contract, beginning systole. A short rest period follows.

Bundle of His

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instrument for measuring blood pressure

sphygmomanometer

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force that blood exerts on arterial walls

Blood Pressure

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high blood pressure

hypertension

largest artery in the body

Aorta

small artery

Arteriole

one of two upper chambers of the heart

Atrium

blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle

Coronary Arteries

inner lining of the heart

Endocardium

innermost lining of blood vessels

Endothelium

muscular, middle layer of the heart

Myocardium

artery carrying oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs

Pulmonary Artery

partition or wall dividing a cavity, such as that between the right and left atria & right and left ventricles

Septum

carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart

Pulmonary Vein

flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

Pulmonary Circulation

flow of blood from body tissue to the heart and back

Systemic Circulation

a structure in veins or in the heart that temporarily closes an opening so blood flows in only one direction

Valve

largest vein in the body

Vena Cava

very rapid, random, inefficient, and irregular contractions of the heart

fibrillation

rapid but regular contractions, usually of the atria

flutter

failure of proper conduction of impulses from the SA node through the AV node to the bundle of his

bradycardia & heart block

narrowing of the aorta

coarctation of the aorta (CoA)

passageway between the aorta and the pulmonary artery remains open after birth

patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

small holes in the wall between the atria or the ventricles

septal defects

congenital malformation involving four distinct heart defects

tetralogy of Fallot (fah-LO)

heart is unable to pump the required amount of blood

congestive heart failure (CHF)

disease of the arteries surrounding the heart

coronary artery disease (CAD)

improper closure of the mitral valve

mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

local widening of an arterial wall

aneurysm

high blood pressure

hypertension (HTN)

blood clot forms in a large vein, usually in a lower limb

deep vein thrombosis

blockage of arteries carrying blood to the legs, arms, kidneys, and other organs

peripheral arterial disease (PAD)

abnormally swollen and twisted veins, usually occurring in the legs

varicose veins

recurrent episodes of pallor and cyanosis primarily in fingers and toes

Raynaud (ra-NO) disease

measurement of brain natriuretic peptide in blood

BNP test

chemicals are measured in the blood as evidence of a heart attack

cardiac biomarkers

measurement of cholesterol and triglycerides (fats) in a blood sample

lipid tests

x-ray imaging of blood vessels after injection of contrast material

angiography

images of the heart are produced using radio wave energy in a magnetic field

cardiac MRI

three-dimensional x-ray images of the heart and coronary arteries using computed tomography (64-slice CT scanner)

computed tomography angiography (CTA)

video equipment and a computer produce x-ray images of blood vessels

digital subtraction angiography (DSA)

electron beams and CT identify calcium deposits in and around coronary arteries to diagnose early CAD

electron beam computed tomography (EBCT or EBT)

exchange of air in lung capillaries

external respiration

exchange of gases in the cells

internal respiration

middle of chest where trachea divides into two branches

mediastinum

each leads to a separate lung

bronchi

loves are not mirror images

lungs

blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic tissue, and bronchial tubes enter and exit

hilum

Which respiratory structures conduct air?

nose, nasal cavities & paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea

Which respiratory structure exchange gases?

bronchioles, alveoli, lung capillaries

air sac in the lung

alveolus

lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx

adenoids

branch of the trachea that is a passageway into the lung

bronchus

muscle separating the chest and abdomen

diaphragm

lid-like piece of cartilage that covers the larynx

epiglottis

breathing out (exhalation)

expiration

slit-like opening to the larynx

glottis

breathing in (inhalation)

inspiration

voice box (contains vocal cords)

larynx

region between lungs in the chest cavity (trachea, heart, lymph nodes, aorta, esophagus, bronchial tubes)

mediastinum

listening to sounds within the body

auscultation

tapping on a surface to determine the difference in the density of the underlying structure

percussion

fine crackling sounds heard on auscultation when there is fluid in the alveoli

rales (crackles)

loud rumbling sounds heard on auscultation of bronchi obstructed by sputum

rhonchi

material expelled from the bronchi, lungs, or upper respiratory tract by spitting

sputum

strained, high-pitched sound heard on inspiration caused by obstruction in the pharynx or larynx

stridor

continuous high-pitched whistling sounds produced during breathing

wheezes

acute viral infection of infants and children with obstruction of the larynx, accompanied by barking cough and stridor

croup

acute infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract caused by the diphtheria bacterium

diphtheria

nosebleed

epistaxis

whooping cough; highly contagious bacterial infection of the pharynx, larynx, and trachea

pertussis

chronic inflammatory disorder with airway obstruction due to bronchial and bronchiolar edema and constriction

asthma

chronic dilation of a bronchus, usually secondary to infection

bronchiectasis

inflammation of bronchi persisting over a long time; type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

chronic bronchitis

inherited disorder of exocrine glands resulting in thick mucinous secretions in the respiratory tract that do not drain normally

cystic fibrosis (CF)

placement of tube from mouth to trachea to establish airway

endotracheal intubation

inhalation of radioactive gas for imaging, followed by injection of different radioactive material for imaging

Ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan

air gathers in the pleural cavity

pneumothorax

collapsed lung

atelectasis

hyperinflation of air sacs with destruction of alveolar walls

emphysema

abnormal lung condition caused by exposure to certain dusts

pneumoconiosis

acute inflammation and infection of alveoli, which full with pus or products of the inflammatory reaction

pneumonia

infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis; lungs usually are involved, but any organ in the body may be affected

tuberculosis (TB)

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space (cavity)

pleural effusion