Exam 5 Flashcards
Transferring electrons between proteins in the mitochondrial membrane is a type of ______________
Redox reaction
Pathogenic staphylococci can be differentiated by plating on blood agar plates. What allows you to tell them apart?
The extent of hemolysis
Which of the following might a pathogen use to attach to host cells?
pili or fimbriae
Ocean viruses contribute to carbon cycling by _________ ocean bacteria and algae
lysing
Which of the following ‘fix’ carbon and increase biomass?
a corn field
_____ phage genes code for protein that take over host functions. _____ phage genes include structure components of the virus
Early, late
a community of bacteria which coordinate their activities to colonize a surface is called
biofilm
lactose intolerance in humans is due to the lack of an _____ necessary to split a _____
Enzyme, disaccharide
True or False: vaccination was invented by a British doctor in 18th century London
False
A streak plate is used to isolate single colonies from a mixture of bacteria. The equivalent technique when working with viruses is called
Plaque assay
True or false: living genetically modified humans walk the Earth
True
all of the following are natural polymers except: cellulose, glucose, chitin, glycogen
Glucose
True or false: most bacteria from environmental samples can be cultured in a lab
False
True or false: animal viruses are capable of lysogeny
True
All life can be sorted into three domains. The best evidence of this comes from
rRNA sequence analysis
which of the following is an emerging disease in our area: influenza, malaria, lyme
No correct answer
according to our present understanding, mitochondiral and chloroplasts are of _____ origin
bacterial
In bacteria and mitochondria, a concentration of protons builds on one side of a _____. These protons can only travel through a channel in a protein called an _____, which functions as a “turbine” to make _____
Membrane, ATPase, ATP
You have streaked to single colonies, a sample from a dead animal. The results show several different types of colonies. This result indicated a _____ and _________ clearly indicate a cause of the animal’s death
Mixed population, does not
True or false: smallpox has killed hundred of millions of people since there have been humans
True
True or false: Smallpox infections no longer occur on earth due to vaccination
True
True or false: endospore production is a bacterial response to rapid environmental change
True
recent increases in Whooping cough are due to: anti-vaxxers, weakened vaccine immunity, changes in the bacteria
All of the above
True or false: enveloped viruses code for their own envelope
False
True or false: You were doing a Gram staining and forgot to counter stain with safranin. This would prevent you from identifying a gram positive bacteria.
False
One reason there are far fewer antiviral drugs is _________
Viruses use host processes to multiply
Cellular respiration requires ___________ which is used to collect/neutralize _____________ in the mitochondria
oxygen, electrons
Human pathogenic bacteria are ___________
mesophiles
Gram negative bacteria have an outer membrane, a portion of which is toxic to humans and causes fever. This molecule is made of _____
sugar and lipid
True or false: ATP synthase ‘run backwards’ and will consume ATP
True
Magnetosomes are _____ structures used by some bacteria to _____
Iron, escape oxygen
The Calvin cycle is the process which plants use to _____ and _____
Fix CO2, build biomass
Suppose you treat an exponentially growing culture of bacteria with a potential antimicrobial compound. Over the next few hours, cell doubling stops (untreated, control culture continues doubling) but the cells remain metabolically active. This antimicrobial compound is _____
Bacteriostatic
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) refers to minimum _____
amount of a chemical required to kill all the microorganisms
Electrons captured from the breaking of glucose in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells are carried to the _____ by _____.
Mitochondria, NADH
True or false: Persistent HPV infection requires viral integration in superficial/surface epithelia layers
False
Where in a liquid culture would you find an anaerobic bacterium?
at the bottom of the tube
Hydrothermal vent tube worms contain _____ bacteria (symbiotes), which in turn obtain _____ from the worms’ blood stream
chemolithotrophic, oxygen
Pasteurization is now a common procedure to ensure food safety. Pasteur’s flasks disproved _____
‘bad’ air causes diseases
What microorganisms use inorganic compounds like hydrogen sulfide as their energy source
Chemolithotrophs
This protein is made by bacteriophage and humans
lysozyme
Lysogenic bacteria exposed to UV light will: accumulate DNA damage, die, accumulate maturing bacteriophage
all are correct
Glycolysis is a series of _____ leading to _____ molecules
Enzymatic reactions, three carbon
True or false: Tamiflu prevents influenza virus from binding to host cells
False
These microorganisms use light as their energy source
Phototrophs
The terms “run” and “tumble” are used to describe _____
Movement of bacteria
True or false: water is a waste product of cellular respiration
True
Robert Koch is best known for a set of rules he created, now commonly known as Koch’s postulates. What is the purpose of Koch’s postulates
They help to determine if a particular infectious agent causes a specific disease
Three options by which an organism may obtain energy are: light, organic molecules and _____
inorganic molecules
Sugars are used by living systems for
energy storage and building materials
True or false: enveloped viruses contain genes for their own plasma membrane
False
True or false: horizontal/lateral gene transfer is largely responsible for human genetic diversity
False
True or false: some bacteria owe their virulence to a viral prophage integration
True
sRNAs (short RNAs), viroids, and CRISPR all work by a similar mechanism. They all rely on _________ to destroy or change a target sequence
base pairing
True or false: The sum total of an organism or cell’s protein content is termed its genome
False
True or false: the sum total of the information stored in a cell or organism’s DNA is called its proteome
False
Colistin is a charged antibiotic molecule that can cause kidney damage. Some colistin resistance has been shown to?
change the charge on the cell surface
True or false: some viral prophage are able to measure the number of host cells outside the individual cell they are in
True
Which of the following methods of gene transfer has the potential to transfer more unique regions of the bacterial chromosome?
Generalized transduction
The ‘transforming factor’ in Griffith’s (blue/red bacteria, mouse dead/live) experiment was ultimately found to be a gene for?
a sugar coat
In the experiment that established that DNA replication occurs semi-conservatively, newly synthesized strands could be distinguished from parental strands by?
Density
Some bacteriophage use a protein called Tip to control entry into the lytic cycle. Qtip expression is regulated through a protein that is a _____________
transcription factor and receptor
Plasmids that govern their own transfer are known as _____
Conjugative
When testing antibiotic resistance using “paper disc test”, you find the clearing around the disc is larger in the presence of EDTA. You conclude the bacteria is _____.
Using a metalloprotease to inactivate the antibiotic
Some bacteria use pili to capture _______ from the environment. Expression of pili genes and membrane pore complex genes are linked to ________?
DNA, available food sources
The Penicillin family of antibiotics bind to the active site of _____
Enzymes that form peptide crosslinks
When _____ interacts with RNA polymerase, it increases the rate of transcription initiation of the lac operon
cAMP/cAMP response protein (CRP)
Cipro is a _____ antibiotic. This is because it _____.
Broad spectrum, prevents DNA unwinding
Gene X makes a protein that binds to DNA. A mutation of gene X causes an increase in the expression of gene Y. We can conclude that _____
Gene X is a negative regulator of gene Y
A b-lactamase/penicillinase provides resistance to penicillin by _____.
modifying the penicillin-binding protein involved in cell wall synthesis and destroying the ring structure of penicillin
The acronym ORF stands for _____
Open reading frame
To be activated a quorum-sensing gene system requires the accumulation of a secreted small molecule called an _____
Auto inducer
True or false: a phage particle can be infectious even if all its DNA has been replaced by bacterial DNA
True
Operons _____.
Allow coordinated expression of multiple related genes in prokaryotes
Bacterial heat shock response requires expression of many proteins including _____, which prevent misfolding/denaturation. Coordinate expression of these different genes is controlled by _____
Chaperons, a unique sigma factor
Competence refers to the ability of bacterial population to _____
Be transformed by foreign DNA
True or false: In prokaryotes all RNA contains coded information for amino acid sequence
False
Insertion sequences are the simplest mobile genetic element. They code for a single protein. What does this protein do?
It can cut & reseal DNA strands
What do exposure to Cipro, Covid-19, and the Lyme’s disease bacteria have in common?
All are associated with post treatment disease/ symptoms
The promoter site of an operon is the site at which _____ initiates
RNA polymerase
In a gel-shift assay, free DNA runs _____ than protein::DNA complexes
Faster
