Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 101 > Exam 5 > Flashcards

Exam 5 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Physics 101 flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Identify and describe plant adaptations to terrestrial life

A

Absorbing minerals: developed roots and fungi
Conserving Water: reducing water loss
Reproducing on Land: They spend more time as a diploid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Identify and describe key innovations in plant evolution

A

Alternation of Generations
Vascular Tissue: transports water around structure
Seeds: allow for embryo to remain dormant until conditions are favorable
Flowers and Fruits: flowers produce and protect gametes, fruits allow seeds to disperse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Explain how seeds promote continued survival of plants on land

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

describe and compare the life cycles of gymnosperms vs angiosperms

A

Gymnosperms don’t have fruit flowers. Males produce structure that produce pollen that lands on females.
Angiosperms have flowers. Anther and ovary are part of the same plant.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

describe meristems. Compare apical vs lateral meristems

A

Apical: at both ends providing primary growth.
Lateral: at main stem providing for secondary growth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

identify, describe, and compare plant tissue

A

Ground tissue: carries out metabolic processes
Dermal Tissue: cover surface of plant. Regulate stomata opening.
Vascular tissue: xylem transports water, phloem transports food.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

describe and compare the transport of water vs sugars within a plant, including types of vascular tissue and mechanisms used for each

A

Water moves through negative pressure, and capillary reaction.
Water being lost causes a low gradient, water flows up to replace it.
Sugars are moved from places of high concentration to low concentration. Water moving in the phloem causes sugars to move.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

describe and compare various means of asexual reproduction in flowering plants

A

Rutters: elongated stems
Risomes: elongated stems underground
Suckers form and bud off the plant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

describe seed germination

A

Pollen contains sperm, grains stick to pestle of plant. This delivers sperm to ovary, egg is fertilized = seed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

describe regulation of plant growth by auxins

A

Auxins are a hormone that drive changes in shape of plant. Auxins are on the side of the plant with less light, causing the plant to turn to the light.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

describe and compare photoperiodism, dormancy, phototropism, gravitropism, and thigmotropism

A

Phototropism: plant turns to light
Gravitropism: plant responds to gravity. Stem bends away from gravity.
Dormancy: conditions are not favorable, so they reduce growth.
Photoperiodism: flowers bloom during a particular season. Regulated by amounts of light.
Thigmotropism: response to touch. Growth responds to touching surrounding.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

describe the vertebrate body plan.

A

Coelom: ventral cavity with serous fluid to reduce friction. Can be divided into thoracic and abdominal cavity separated by diaphragm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

identify and describe the four types of tissues within the vertebrate body

A

Epithelial: cover and line surfaces
Connective: connect parts of the body (tendons, ligaments, blood, fat)
Muscular: able to exert force and produce movement (skeletal, cardiac, smooth)
Nervous: conducts info in the body via neurons, dendrites, and axons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

identify, describe, and compare the three types of animal skeletons

A

Hydraulic: Fluid filled cavities that move when muscle contracts
Exoskeleton: hard shells
Endoskeleton: skeleton on the inside.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

describe the cooperation of the skeletal and muscular systems in producing movement

A

Muscles connect to skeleton. When they contract they move the bones. Origin stays stills, insertion moves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

describe the sliding filament model of muscle contraction

A

Sarcomeres have actin and myosin filaments. When muscle contracts the filaments move closer together, or slide.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

describe the functions of circulatory systems. Describe and compare open vs closed.

A

Open: Organs are bathed in fluid
Closed: fluid circulates in vessels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

identify and describe the components of the vertebrate circulatory system

A

Arteries: carry blood away from the heart. Thick walls and elastic
Heart: pumps blood into the body and lungs
Capillaries: Thin, gas exchange and other substances occur through them.
Veins: Returns blood to heart. Have valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

identify, describe, and compare structural means of gas exchange between tissues and the external environment

A

Direct Diffusion: gas exchange occurs through the tissues and environment.
Gills: Rich in capillaries. Water flows through and gas exchange occurs
Trachea: tubes expose internal structures to environment.
Lungs: alveoli and capillaries conduct gas exchange.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

describe and compare transport of oxygen vs CO2 within the vertebrate blood

A

Oxygen is transported by hemoglobin.
CO2 is transported as bicarbonate as it reacts with water.

21
Q

define BMR and essential nutrient

A

BMR: basal metabolic rate. The amount of energy we need just existing.
Essential nutrients: nutrients not made in the body, must be consumed.

22
Q

describe and compare simple digestion vs digestion via digestive tract.

A

Simple Digestion: No organs for digestion. Food is broken down in one big cavity.
Digestive Tract: devoted organs for digestion.

23
Q

identify and describe the structures of the human digestive system and their functions

A

Mouth: takes in food. Ingestion
Esophagus: connects mouth to stomach.
Stomach: digestion
small intestine: Absorption of nutrients
Large intestine: water and electrolytes are absorbed. Feces is formed.

24
Q

describe the role of negative feedback loops in maintaining homeostasis

A

Tell the body when something is off. The body can take the correct measures to bring levels back to norm.

25
Q

describe osmoregulation by the kidneys

A

Kidneys have nephrons that have filtering units (glomerulus and capsule). Filtered fluid goes to tubule system to be reabsorbed or excreted.

26
Q

identify and describe the structures of the nephron, their functions, and their hormonal regulation

A

ADH increase amount of water reabsorbed
Aldosterone: promote retention of salt. Water follows salt.

27
Q

describe the elimination of nitrogenous wastes by the kidney

A

Filtered from the blood and excreted. Turns to urea.

28
Q

describe skin as the first line of defense. Describe and compare its physical and chemical barriers

A

Its the outer most layer.
Physical: physically prevent (skin, mucus)
chemical: enzymes and acids make skin unhospitable.

29
Q

identify and describe the components of the innate defenses and their functions

A

Macrophages: cells that eat things
Neutrophils: eat things, bacteria
Natural killers: viral infections. Detect cells that have abnormalities and kills them
Complement system: coat bacteria, poke holes in them, activates immune system
Fever: Set point has been raised. Inhibits the replication of virus and bacteria.
Inflammation: isolate site of injury or infection.

30
Q

identify, describe, and compare the cellular vs humoral components of the specific defenses.

A

Cellular: T cells (cytotoxic kills cells that have been infected, Helper mediate immune response, memory contains antigens that have been seen before, Suppressor tamp down immune response)
Humoral: B cells (memory have memory of antigen previously seen, plasma produce antibody for the threat. )

31
Q

describe and compare primary vs secondary immune responses. Identify and describe disorders of immune function.

A

Primary: slow response, memory is generating
Secondary: stronger because the body has seen it before.
Overactive: allergies and autoimmunity
Immunodeficiency such as AIDS or HIV

32
Q

identify, describe, and compare the cells of the nervous system and their functions

A

Neurons: produce and conduct electrical signals
Glial cells: nourish the neurons.

33
Q

describe the resting membrane potential, the action potential, and refractory periods.

A

Resting potential: inside of the cell in more negative. Sodium potassium pump keeps this charge.
Action Potential: Sodium flowing in kicks off action potential
refractory period: membrane level is below resting potential so it needs to be brought back up.

34
Q

Identify and describe the components of a synapse and their functions

A

Presynaptic neuron sends transmitter.
synaptic cleft is the gap between two neurons
Postsynaptic neuron binds to neurotransmitters.

35
Q

Identify and describe the anatomical components of the nervous system and their functions, including the brain, the ANS, and the general and special senses.

A

Brain: Cerebrum (movement, speech, senses, thinking)
Diencephalon (autonomic functions, language) Limbic (learning and emotion), cerebellum (motor, cognitive functions), midbrain (vision and hearing)

ANS: sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest)

Exteroception: detection of outside the body
Interception: detection inside the body
proprioception: position and orientation

Special senses: olfaction, gustation, vision, hearing, equilibrium.

36
Q

Define and describe ecology

A

Ecology is the study of living things and their environment.

37
Q

define and describe populations. Describe and compare exponential vs logistic growth.

A

Population size is the number of individuals of a species within an area.
Population density is how tightly packed they are in an area
Exponential growth is a constant increase in the rate of growth. Logistic growth looks like an exponential but it curves off ones carrying capacity is reached.

38
Q

identify, describe, and compare factors that regulate population growth. Describe and compare r vs k selected adaptations.

A

Density independent effects: doesn’t depend on density. Forest fire.
Density dependent effects: disease
Maximal sustainable yield: population of half the carrying capacity.
R selected: many offspring but few survive. Little parental investment.
K selected: small number of offspring, many survive. Lots of parental investment, longer development period.

39
Q

Define communities, competition, coevolution, and the three forms of symbiosis, and predation within communities

A

Communities: All populations in an area
Competition: individuals complete for resources
Coevolution: changed within populations in response to each other.
Symbiosis: living together
mutualism: both benefit
commensalism: one benefits, the other is not harmed.
parasitism: one benefits, the other is harmed.
Predation within communities: predators eat animals for prey.

40
Q

define and describe ecological succession. Compare primary vs secondary succession.

A

primary is initial founding of community
Secondary is an established community but a catastrophic event happens and new community happens.

41
Q

Describe flow of energy among trophic levels of an ecosystem via food chains and food webs

A

energy goes from sun to producers, those are consumed by consumers, die and eaten by decomposers. Energy is dissipated
Food chain is linear succession
Food web is a broader set of integrations.

42
Q

describe the biogeochemical cycles for water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus.

A

Water: water evaporates, condenses and falls via precipitation.
Carbon: CO2 is captured by plants, plant eaten, fossil fuels go into air
Nitrogen: Alternating between gas and fixed forms. Fixed and bacteria breaks it back into gas form
Phosphorus: cycles between soluble and insoluble forms.

43
Q

Describe ocean, freshwater, and land ecosystems

A

Ocean: Shallow, surface, deep
Freshwater: lake, pond. Can be healthy and nonhealthy.
Land: tropical rain forests, savanna, desert. temperate grassland, temperate deciduous forest, taiga, tundra.

44
Q

describe innate behavior.

A

hardwired to carry out the behavior. Triggered by sign stimulus, stimulus that triggers DNA behavior.

45
Q

define, describe, and compare forms of learning

A

Nonassociative: habituation,
Associative learning: taking cues and associating them
classical - inborn behavior developing a stimulus.
operant - conditioning to do a voluntary behavior at a certain time at a stimulus
Imprinting - exposure results in change in how young ones respond to other animals. Ducklings following mom.

46
Q

define, describe, and compare foraging, territoriality, and migratory behavior in terms of cost-benefit analysis

A

Foraging: time spent but you get food.
Territoriality: Dealing with other trying to come in but you get your own resources in that area.
Migratory behavior: flying and time but you get more food and better weather.

47
Q

describe human influences on the environment via pollution, global warming, loss of biodiversity, and human population growth.

A

Pollution: toxins build up in animals. Biological magnification
Global Warming: CO2 and methane hold heat in.
Loss of biodiversity: growing population requires more space = habitat loss. species overexploitation, and introduced species.
Human population growth: More pollution, gasses, more habitat loss.

48
Q

describe conservation efforts concerning topsoil, groundwater, and biodiversity

A

Topsoil: cover crops hold soil in place, planting grass, and keeping trees.
Groundwater: conserve groundwater when possible.
Biodiversity: Try keep invasive species away, conservation set aside.

Bio 101 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions