Exam 5 Flashcards
There is a correlation coefficient of .80 between two variables. This means that the proportion of variance in Y that can be accounted for by knowing X is:
64%
The squared correlation coefficient (r2) is the proportion of variance in Y that can be accounted for by knowing X. Conversely, it is the proportion of variance in X that can be accounted for by knowing Y.
Some facts about practice effects and comparing test results across time
Practice effects can persist for years after testing, though inconsistently across tests..
Associated with the magnitude of change in many cases are:
The use of alternate forms
the ages of participants
clinical diagnoses of study participants
length of the test-retest interval are
Fine motor problems related to hydrocephalus are least likely to occur in children with:
spina bifida / Angelman’s /
Dandy Walker / IVH realted to prematurity
Angelman Syndrome does not include hydrocephalus.
Williams syndrome does not include hydrocephalus.
Fragile X can be with and sometimes without.
Angelman syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects the nervous system and causes a range of symptoms. Children and adults with Angelman syndrome may have difficulty with daily tasks like washing, dressing, and feeding. They may also have jerky hand movements, like missing when reaching for an object or over-correcting their movements. Children will reach for an object and miss and then over-correct the movement. This is often observed as jerky hand movements
Spina bifida, dandy walker, IVH all include hydrocephalus
Describe optic neuritis related to MS.
monocular loss of central vision, eye pain that worsens with lateral eye movement, reduced color vision, and have a diagnosis of MS, these symptoms are highly suggestive of optic neuritis, an inflammation of the optic nerve which is a common neurological manifestation of multiple sclerosis (MS)
Optic neuritis occurs in 15–20% of people with MS as their first symptom, and in 50% of people with MS at some point during their illness
The characteristic pain with eye movement is a key indicator of optic neuritis, often described as a deep ache behind the eye that worsens when looking sideways
This type of vision loss, affecting the central part of your visual field, is typical in optic neuritis.
People with optic neuritis often experience difficulty perceiving colors accurately, appearing “washed out
Usually, only one eye is affected at a time
Describe some correlations between long COVID and PVT performance.
Approximately 25% of patients with long COVID have a known external incentive to perform poorly
PVT failure rate in patients with long COVID is approximately 10%
PVT failure in long COVID is similar to that seen in patients with ADHD, mTBI, and pain
What type of intervention is most helpful for individuals who have sustained a mild traumatic brain injury?
Interventions targeting self-efficacy are likely to be most helpful for treatment success.
such as…..
Self-Management Activity Restriction and Relaxation Training (SMART)
A web-based program that helps adolescents with mTBI improve self-efficacy by teaching them how to manage symptoms and cope effectively. SMART includes daily symptom monitoring, personalized feedback, and educational modules
What correlation in the literature is an important consideration for assessment of former athletes?
re # of concussions & subjective complaints
Subjective cognitive complaints are strongly related to self-reported number of concussions.
Based on what you know about Alzheimer’s disease progression, what findings would be least likely to get worse on re-evaluation:
Information / WCST / DS Forward /
visual perceptual issues on BNT
Reduced basic attention performance should remain stable over time (Digit Span Forward score)
Semantic knwoledge, naming, visual perception of images, and abstraction will reduce over time
Which type of testing would help to differentiate dementia vs. depression for a patient with impaired memory testing?
Including praxis testing would be helpful to rule-out cognitive complaints due to depression.
praxis testing: motor programming for basic activities like brushing hair / teeth, etc. In Alz, this may reduce but in depression it should be intact.
What is the feature that confirms an FAS diagnosis over FAS spectrum disorder?
Evidence of both cognitive and behavioral impairment (≥ 1.5 SD below the mean)
Both will have:
Known pattern of maternal binge drinking, particularly in the first trimester.
Height and/or weight deficiency (≤10th percentile for chronological age)
Facial anomalies (smooth philtrum, thin vermilion border, short palpebral fissures)
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD)
A range of conditions that can include FAS, partial FAS (pFAS), alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND), alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD), and neurobehavioral disorder associated with prenatal alcohol exposure (ND-PAE)
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
The most severe form of FASD, FAS can cause facial abnormalities, growth problems, and central nervous system (CNS) issues.
What are best practices of serial assessments?
Repeating neuropsychological tests in the presence of severe disease or brain injury is not likely to show large changes.
Repeating neuropsychological tests can help differentiate between neurologic and environmental factors affecting test performance.
Reliable-change scores can be used to determine how likely the patient’s change in scores reflect neurologic change.
There are limited data regarding optimal test-retest intervals between testing sessions to minimize practice effects
What are some important considerations for testing with a non-english speaking individual who has suffered a recent left MCA stroke as it relates to best practices for the evaluation?
Level of acculturation, including language dominance of his education and family experiences, would be important
It is preferable to be assessed by a bilingual neuropsychologist rather than through an interpreter.
Given the importance of assessing language skills, this testing should be conducted in both languages.
Which medications may most likely result in anticholinergic side effects?
Medications that most commonly cause anticholinergic side effects include: tricyclic antidepressants, first-generation antihistamines like diphenhydramine (Benadryl), certain antipsychotics, some antispasmodics, and certain Parkinson’s medications; all of which can lead to side effects like dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, and urinary retention.
Key drug classes with anticholinergic potential:
Antihistamines: Diphenhydramine, chlorpheniramine, cyproheptadine, doxylamine
Tricyclic antidepressants: Amitriptyline, imipramine, doxepin
Antipsychotics: Chlorpromazine, haloperidol, quetiapine, clozapine
Antispasmodics: Oxybutynin, glycopyrrolate, propantheline
What type of neuroimaging would you recommend to help differentiate AD and FTD?
Positron emission tomography with fluorodeoxyglucose (FTD-PET) is superior in differentiating between AD and FTD.
it can clearly show distinct patterns of brain metabolism between the two conditions, with AD typically demonstrating posterior brain hypometabolism and FTD showing frontal and anterior temporal lobe hypometabolism
Describe what associate processing and assembled processing look like for people with spina bifida meningomyelocele.
Intact associative processing and impaired assembled processing are cognitive differences that can occur in people with spina bifida meningomyelocele (SBM):
Associative processing
The ability to form associations, categorize information, and activate stimulus information. People with SBM are often strong in associative processing, which can lead to good language skills, word reading, and categorical knowledge.
Assembled processing
The ability to integrate information and create internal models to guide performance. People with SBM are often weak in assembled processing, which can lead to difficulties with language comprehension, mathematical problem solving, and other cognitive tasks.
These differences can lead to unbalanced cognitive development. However, the processing differences are not absolute, and there may be systematic biases in processing
Several areas of hyperpigmented skin on the arms and a large skin-colored mass on her neck is indicative of what disorder?
Neurofibromatosis Type 1
café-au-lait spots , which are flat patches on the skin that are darker than the surrounding area
Neurofibromas are benign tumours arising from the endoneurium and are characteristic of NF1. They develop as discrete focal cutaneous or subcutaneous tumours or more diffuse plexiform neurofibromas that grow along the length of nerves
What aspect of attention and executive functioning is typically preserved among autistic individuals?
Inhibition
What test is most sensitive to neuropathological disease?
Clock drawing is the test with the most sensitivity to neuropathological disease.
In the research, only Braak-NFT stage and limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE) pathology associated significantly with performance across multiple cognitive domains. Of all cognitive tests, the clock-drawing test was particularly sensitive to levels of multiple neuropathologies
When would you use a Point biserial coefficient?
You should use a point-biserial correlation to measure the relationship between a continuous variable and a dichotomous variable when you have only two variables. A dichotomous variable has two values, such as male/female, yes/no, or true/false. A continuous variable is measured on a scale, such as salary or cholesterol concentration.
Here are some examples of when you might use a point-biserial correlation:
Gender and salary: To determine if there is an association between gender and salary
Smoking status and cholesterol concentration: To determine if there is an association between smoking status and cholesterol concentration
Cancer drug and age of death: To determine if a cancer drug prolongs life
Age and life satisfaction (high or low): To determine if life satisfaction is higher for older people
What is some of the supported research around cannabis use in developing brains?
In utero exposure to cannabis has been linked to later anxiety and mood dysregulation.
The younger one is when first using cannabis, the more likely they are to develop an addiction.
Use of cannabis as a teen is linked with increased risk of addiction in general.
Exposure to cannabis in adolescence does not have equivalent effects to that of adult exposure.
.What triad of symptoms is linked to Wernicke’s encephalopathy?
Ataxia, confusional state, eye movement abnormalities
ACE!!!!
Explain some of the research around exercise and dementia
All patients who regularly exercise have a moderately reduced risk of developing dementia.
Research suggests that, compared with a sedentary lifestyle, all forms of exercise are associated with improved cognitive health.
Exercise is helpful for both older adults with mild cognitive impairment and dementia, but more effective for those without dementia.
Exercise’s benefit for brain health may be through the improvements of medical conditions such as diabetes and heart disease.
Describe the 4 different types of MS.
Relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS)
The most common type of MS is called relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS). It is defined by temporary periods called relapses, flare-ups, or exacerbations when symptoms appear. These attacks are followed by periods of remission when the symptoms may disappear or subside. Remissions can last anywhere from weeks to months or years. Approximately 85% of people with MS are initially diagnosed with RRMS.
Primary-progressive MS (PPMS)
Over time, RRMS may advance to the secondary progressive phase: secondary progressive MS (SPMS). This type of MS does not have the distinctive remissions, flare-ups, or plateaus that RRMS does, but instead is characterized by slowly worsening symptoms and neurologic function. Without treatment, approximately half of the individuals with RRMS convert to SPMS within 10 to 20 years.
Secondary-progressive MS (SPMS)
People diagnosed with primary-progressive MS (PPMS) have symptoms that steadily worsen with no periods of remission and flare-ups. Approximately 10% of people with MS are diagnosed with this form of the condition.
Progression-Relapsing MS (PRMS)
A small percentage of individuals may be diagnosed with a relatively rare type of MS known as progression-relapsing MS (PRMS). This type of MS steadily worsens from the onset of the first symptoms, regardless of relapses or periods of remission. Approximately 5% of people with MS are diagnosed with PRMS
In general, what are the four main types of Cerebral Palsy
The main types of cerebral palsy (CP) are:
Spastic CP
The most common type, characterized by increased muscle tone that makes movement awkward.
Dyskinetic CP
People with dyskinetic CP have difficulty controlling their arms, hands, legs, and feet, and experience random, uncontrolled movements.
Ataxic CP
The least common type, characterized by problems with balance and coordination, which can lead to shaky or clumsy movements.
Mixed CP
A combination of symptoms from more than one type of CP
Explain what the 3 different subtypes of spastic cerebral palsy look like clinically.
The three types of spastic cerebral palsy are:
Quadriplegia
The most severe form, affecting both arms and legs, and sometimes the torso and face. People with spastic quadriplegia often have a weak neck and are usually unable to walk.
Hemiplegia
Affects muscles on one side of the body, usually the arm more than the leg. Children with spastic hemiplegia may have delays in learning to talk, but are usually of normal intelligence.
Diplegia
Affects the legs, and sometimes causes mild stiffness in the arms. People with spastic diplegia may require a walker or leg braces, but are usually of normal intelligence and language skills. Note* premature birth and neuroimaging findings of PVL
Spastic cerebral palsy is caused by damage to the motor cortex, which controls voluntary movement, and the pyramidal tracts, which relay signals to the muscles
