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Exam 5 Flashcards

0
Q

3 sources of phosphorous uptake

A

Organic
Inorganic
Soil solution

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1
Q

2 uses for phosphorous in plants

A
  • essential in energy transfer

- part of DNA

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2
Q

Phosphorous molecule

A

Acid: H2PO4-2
Basic: H2PO4-4

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3
Q

Type of movement of soil solution is most phosphorous absorbed by the plant

A

Most by diffusion

Some by mass flow

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4
Q

Available means

Unavailable means

A

Available means in a form a plant can use, during the growing season.

Unavailable means it is not in a form a plant can use during the growing season.

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5
Q

2 soil processes that would cause inorganic phosphorous in soil solution to become unavailable.

A
  • Combines with cations

- binds with soil particles

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6
Q

6 functions of potassium (k) in plants

A 
Some enzyme activation
Water relations
Energy relations
Translocation of photosynthate
Needed for nitrogen uptake
Starch synthesis
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7
Q

4 general sources of k in soil, and which contains most k?

A

-soil solution (primary source)
-exchangeable-held on soil particles by electrostatic charge (cec)
-nonexchangable- associated with the internal clay structure.
Unavailable-becomes unavailable through normal degradation

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8
Q

K taken up from mass flow vs diffusion

A

75% diffusion

20% mass flow

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9
Q

K replenish in the soil solution

A

Exchangeable- primary means to replace soil solution k

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10
Q

Where is the solid exchangeable k located in the soul

A

.

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11
Q

Where is the solid exchangeable k located in the soil?

A

.

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12
Q

Where is the non-exchangeable k located?

A

.

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13
Q

K-fixation

Reduced under acidic conditions?

A

When expanding clay gets wet k gets trapped between layers

Because under acidic conditions aluminum gets between layers which prevents clay from getting in-between layers.

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14
Q

Luxury consumption of k

A

When plant takes up more k than needed= wastes. Interferes with ca2+ and mg2+ uptake

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15
Q

Function of ca in plants

A

Cell division
Elongation
Bud development

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16
Q

2 sources from which ca is slowly available

A

Calcite

Dolomite

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17
Q

Does available ca revert to a slowly available or unavailable form

A

No

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18
Q

4 possible fates of ca in ss

A

-taken up by plant
-held on cec
-microorganisms
Leached

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19
Q

2 functions of mg in plants

A

Activate enzymes

Critical in photosynthesis

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20
Q

Source of slowly available mg

A

Dolomite

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21
Q

Mg revert to slowly available or unavailable forms

A

Yes

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22
Q

6 micronutrients

A 
Boron
Copper
Iron
Manganese 
Molybdenum 
Zinc
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23
Q

Micronutrients toxicity?

High quantities in ag/turf soils?

A

Narrow range from deficient to toxic.

Lots of micronutrients present in fungisides

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24
3 factors that influence micronutrient availability in the soil
- ph - cec - om - parent materials
25
What are chelates? | Why are they important for micronutrient uptake?
Organic molecules with cation components - makes metals less reactive - lets them go into solution
26
3 reasons nutrient management is needed in agro-forest soils.
-Nutrients are removed faster than normal replacement | ????
27
4 goals of nutrient management
1. Cost effective production of quality plants/animals 2. Effective use of natural resources 3. Maintain soil quality 4. Protect Eco system
28
General nutrient balance situation in poor countries rich countries and regional animal production centers
Poor- expert nutrients- crops low (negative) nutrient levels Rich- absorb nutrients Regional- large feed lot operations
29
Not nutrients....what does nutrient balance sheet need to account for?
1 ability of soil to hold nutrients 2 microbe populations 3 toxin amelioration and processed
30
Nutrients recognized as pollution
Nitrogen | Phosphorous
31
What is a nutrient management plan? And examples
A document that specifies a strategy and specific practices for nutrient management Ie- crop and animal production sequences Accounting for all for imported nutrient Max allowed daily loading Max allowed leaching
32
4 best mgmt practices for plant production
- Riparian buffer strip-slows run off and absorbs nutrients slows water-flow - Use of legumes- provide n in soil - Conservation tillage- reduce erosion - Maintain vegetation- reduce erosion reduce leaching slow water-flow
33
3 causes nutrient loss fire/clear-cutting
1. Leaching/run-off 2. Erosion of A and E horizons where most nutrients reside 3. Fire volatilizes nutrients
34
Diversified farms use should utilize manure?
Manure is a byproduct Contains nutrients Om
35
Why can't manure sustain fertility?
Animals are sold which removes them from the system
36
Primary goal Manure collection storage and utilization
-reduce n losses -collect quickly as possible -storage-seal it Utilization- below surface of soil incorporate
37
How quick is n from manure mineralized after added to soil?
Most released in first year
38
Main sources of sewage sludge?
Human waste 75 % | industrial waste 25%
39
What is sewage sludge? | Effluent?
Sewage sludge- solid portion of waste | Effluent- liquid waste
40
3 main stages of sewage processing
Sewage enters treatment plant as combination of solid and liquid Water separated from solid Sludge is treated microbes are added lime and chemicals added
41
Sludge composition
Mostly carbon, k is low, presents of heavy metal micronutrients
42
4 potential problems with using sludge in an ag settings
``` Toxic heavy metals added to food chain Some elements will be toxic to plants Some human pathogens still present Odor Organic poisons ```
43
From what are most n fertilizers derived?
- most inorganic salts - Some are mined (p&k) - n is mostly derived from atmosphere
44
What do the numbers of a fertilizer grade indicate exactly?
Amount of nutrients in fertilizer
45
Fertilizer strategies
Predicted use-amount to reach goal Annual application-same amount Replacement-put back utilized Carry-over- one application over multiple crops
46
Application operations
``` Broadcast Banding Fortigation- in irrigation Injection- liquid or gas in soil Pop-up-seed is mixed with fertilizer ```
47
Fertilizer concepts
Optimal growth have access to the nutrients needed when it is needed Apply fertilizer when convenient Don't over fertilize
48
High nutrient demand
Early growth phase and reproduction
49
Determine the amount of fertilizer needed?
How much is present and how much is needed to reach production goals.
50
4 means of evaluating fertility | 1 problem
Soil test-ability of the soil to provide nutrient. (does not indicate actual uptake) Plant tissue analysis- if it's not in plant soil is not supplying (can't analyze till plant is big enough Growth analysis- requires extensive historical experience Symptom deficiency analysis- damage already done.
51
Diff geological and accelerated erosion
Geo- naturally occurring | Acc-more than geo rate more than 5 tons/acre/year
52
Acceptable and why?
5 tons natural rate + natural accumulation
53
Soil-vegetation interdependence related to soil degradation
Poor vegetation creates downward spiral
54
2 categories of damage erosion
``` Onsite Loss of soil Loss of best quality Remaining soil has lower whc lower cec lower ph Loss of nutrience Lower biological activity Loss or death of plants Difficulty with equipment use Offsite Smother crop seeds Clog drainage systems Raise stream bed Fills lakes and reservoirs Destroy fish habitat ```
55
3 step process of water erosion
Detachment-caused by rain, some by water flow across soil Transport-caused by water flow downhill fix by terracing contour plowing Deposition
56
What causes detachment?
Caused by rain | Some by water flow across soil
57
What causes transport | 3 types of flows
Water flow down hill and splashing Sheet flow-thin layer evenly spread across soil Rill-small channels form Gully larger channels form
58
Control detachment and transportation
``` Detachment- Regulation Residues Conservation tillage Transport- Conservation tillage Terraces Contour tillage Stripp cropping ```
59
Causes wind erosion to worsen
Wind is strong and soil is weak bare and dry
60
Wind induced soil particle movement
Suspension- small particles in air Saltation- sand size particles bounce across ground Creep- largest soil particles that roll along surface
61
3 processes of wind erosion
Detachment Transport Deposition
62
Factors wind erosion
``` Wind velocity Wind turbulence of particles Surface roughness Soil properties Vegetation ```
63
Control wind erosion
Wind breaks Maintain soil moisture Conservation tillage Maintain vegetation cover

Soils (4 decks)

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