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Soils > Exam 5 > Flashcards

Exam 5 Flashcards

0
Q

3 sources of phosphorous uptake

A

Organic
Inorganic
Soil solution

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1
Q

2 uses for phosphorous in plants

A
  • essential in energy transfer

- part of DNA

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2
Q

Phosphorous molecule

A

Acid: H2PO4-2
Basic: H2PO4-4

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3
Q

Type of movement of soil solution is most phosphorous absorbed by the plant

A

Most by diffusion

Some by mass flow

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4
Q

Available means

Unavailable means

A

Available means in a form a plant can use, during the growing season.

Unavailable means it is not in a form a plant can use during the growing season.

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5
Q

2 soil processes that would cause inorganic phosphorous in soil solution to become unavailable.

A
  • Combines with cations

- binds with soil particles

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6
Q

6 functions of potassium (k) in plants

A 
Some enzyme activation
Water relations
Energy relations
Translocation of photosynthate
Needed for nitrogen uptake
Starch synthesis
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7
Q

4 general sources of k in soil, and which contains most k?

A

-soil solution (primary source)
-exchangeable-held on soil particles by electrostatic charge (cec)
-nonexchangable- associated with the internal clay structure.
Unavailable-becomes unavailable through normal degradation

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8
Q

K taken up from mass flow vs diffusion

A

75% diffusion

20% mass flow

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9
Q

K replenish in the soil solution

A

Exchangeable- primary means to replace soil solution k

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10
Q

Where is the solid exchangeable k located in the soul

A

.

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11
Q

Where is the solid exchangeable k located in the soil?

A

.

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12
Q

Where is the non-exchangeable k located?

A

.

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13
Q

K-fixation

Reduced under acidic conditions?

A

When expanding clay gets wet k gets trapped between layers

Because under acidic conditions aluminum gets between layers which prevents clay from getting in-between layers.

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14
Q

Luxury consumption of k

A

When plant takes up more k than needed= wastes. Interferes with ca2+ and mg2+ uptake

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15
Q

Function of ca in plants

A

Cell division
Elongation
Bud development

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16
Q

2 sources from which ca is slowly available

A

Calcite

Dolomite

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17
Q

Does available ca revert to a slowly available or unavailable form

A

No

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18
Q

4 possible fates of ca in ss

A

-taken up by plant
-held on cec
-microorganisms
Leached

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19
Q

2 functions of mg in plants

A

Activate enzymes

Critical in photosynthesis

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20
Q

Source of slowly available mg

A

Dolomite

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21
Q

Mg revert to slowly available or unavailable forms

A

Yes

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22
Q

6 micronutrients

A 
Boron
Copper
Iron
Manganese 
Molybdenum 
Zinc
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23
Q

Micronutrients toxicity?

High quantities in ag/turf soils?

A

Narrow range from deficient to toxic.

Lots of micronutrients present in fungisides

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24
Q

3 factors that influence micronutrient availability in the soil

A
  • ph
  • cec
  • om
  • parent materials
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25
Q

What are chelates?

Why are they important for micronutrient uptake?

A

Organic molecules with cation components

  • makes metals less reactive
  • lets them go into solution
26
Q

3 reasons nutrient management is needed in agro-forest soils.

A

-Nutrients are removed faster than normal replacement

????

27
Q

4 goals of nutrient management

A
  1. Cost effective production of quality plants/animals
  2. Effective use of natural resources
  3. Maintain soil quality
  4. Protect Eco system
28
Q

General nutrient balance situation in poor countries rich countries and regional animal production centers

A

Poor- expert nutrients- crops low (negative) nutrient levels
Rich- absorb nutrients
Regional- large feed lot operations

29
Q

Not nutrients….what does nutrient balance sheet need to account for?

A

1 ability of soil to hold nutrients
2 microbe populations
3 toxin amelioration and processed

30
Q

Nutrients recognized as pollution

A

Nitrogen

Phosphorous

31
Q

What is a nutrient management plan? And examples

A

A document that specifies a strategy and specific practices for nutrient management
Ie- crop and animal production sequences
Accounting for all for imported nutrient
Max allowed daily loading
Max allowed leaching

32
Q

4 best mgmt practices for plant production

A
  • Riparian buffer strip-slows run off and absorbs nutrients slows water-flow
  • Use of legumes- provide n in soil
  • Conservation tillage- reduce erosion
  • Maintain vegetation- reduce erosion reduce leaching slow water-flow
33
Q

3 causes nutrient loss fire/clear-cutting

A
  1. Leaching/run-off
  2. Erosion of A and E horizons where most nutrients reside
  3. Fire volatilizes nutrients
34
Q

Diversified farms use should utilize manure?

A

Manure is a byproduct
Contains nutrients
Om

35
Q

Why can’t manure sustain fertility?

A

Animals are sold which removes them from the system

36
Q

Primary goal Manure collection storage and utilization

A

-reduce n losses
-collect quickly as possible
-storage-seal it
Utilization- below surface of soil incorporate

37
Q

How quick is n from manure mineralized after added to soil?

A

Most released in first year

38
Q

Main sources of sewage sludge?

A

Human waste 75 %

industrial waste 25%

39
Q

What is sewage sludge?

Effluent?

A

Sewage sludge- solid portion of waste

Effluent- liquid waste

40
Q

3 main stages of sewage processing

A

Sewage enters treatment plant as combination of solid and liquid
Water separated from solid
Sludge is treated microbes are added lime and chemicals added

41
Q

Sludge composition

A

Mostly carbon, k is low, presents of heavy metal micronutrients

42
Q

4 potential problems with using sludge in an ag settings

A 
Toxic heavy metals added to food chain
Some elements will be toxic to plants
Some human pathogens still present
Odor
Organic poisons
43
Q

From what are most n fertilizers derived?

A
  • most inorganic salts
  • Some are mined (p&k)
  • n is mostly derived from atmosphere
44
Q

What do the numbers of a fertilizer grade indicate exactly?

A

Amount of nutrients in fertilizer

45
Q

Fertilizer strategies

A

Predicted use-amount to reach goal
Annual application-same amount
Replacement-put back utilized
Carry-over- one application over multiple crops

46
Q

Application operations

A 
Broadcast 
Banding
Fortigation- in irrigation
Injection- liquid or gas in soil
Pop-up-seed is mixed with fertilizer
47
Q

Fertilizer concepts

A

Optimal growth have access to the nutrients needed when it is needed
Apply fertilizer when convenient
Don’t over fertilize

48
Q

High nutrient demand

A

Early growth phase and reproduction

49
Q

Determine the amount of fertilizer needed?

A

How much is present and how much is needed to reach production goals.

50
Q

4 means of evaluating fertility

1 problem

A

Soil test-ability of the soil to provide nutrient. (does not indicate actual uptake)
Plant tissue analysis- if it’s not in plant soil is not supplying (can’t analyze till plant is big enough
Growth analysis- requires extensive historical experience
Symptom deficiency analysis- damage already done.

51
Q

Diff geological and accelerated erosion

A

Geo- naturally occurring

Acc-more than geo rate more than 5 tons/acre/year

52
Q

Acceptable and why?

A

5 tons natural rate + natural accumulation

53
Q

Soil-vegetation interdependence related to soil degradation

A

Poor vegetation creates downward spiral

54
Q

2 categories of damage erosion

A 
Onsite
Loss of soil
Loss of best quality
Remaining soil has lower whc lower cec lower ph
Loss of nutrience
Lower biological activity
Loss or death of plants
Difficulty with equipment use
Offsite
Smother crop seeds
Clog drainage systems
Raise stream bed
Fills lakes and reservoirs
Destroy fish habitat
55
Q

3 step process of water erosion

A

Detachment-caused by rain, some by water flow across soil
Transport-caused by water flow downhill fix by terracing contour plowing
Deposition

56
Q

What causes detachment?

A

Caused by rain

Some by water flow across soil

57
Q

What causes transport

3 types of flows

A

Water flow down hill and splashing
Sheet flow-thin layer evenly spread across soil
Rill-small channels form
Gully larger channels form

58
Q

Control detachment and transportation

A 
Detachment-
Regulation
Residues
Conservation tillage
Transport-
Conservation tillage
Terraces 
Contour tillage
Stripp cropping
59
Q

Causes wind erosion to worsen

A

Wind is strong and soil is weak bare and dry

60
Q

Wind induced soil particle movement

A

Suspension- small particles in air
Saltation- sand size particles bounce across ground
Creep- largest soil particles that roll along surface

61
Q

3 processes of wind erosion

A

Detachment
Transport
Deposition

62
Q

Factors wind erosion

A 
Wind velocity
Wind turbulence of particles
Surface roughness
Soil properties
Vegetation
63
Q

Control wind erosion

A

Wind breaks
Maintain soil moisture
Conservation tillage
Maintain vegetation cover

Soils (4 decks)

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