exam 5 Flashcards
excessive urination at night is called
nocturia
inflammation of the testis, often secondary to UTIs, testicular pain and swelling
orchitis
most frequently diagnosed visceral malignancy in american men, urinary obstruction. dysuria, hematuria, difficulty initiating or continuing urine stream, decreases urine stream, can met to lungs, liver
prostate cancer
palpable lump or nodule is most common presenting sign typically not painful; 6 types. most common malignancy of females in US, most benigns in ducts, early detection w monthly self exam, mammography
breast cancer
estrogen dependent disorder- presence of (lining of uterus) outside of uterus; uterus sheds blood up into body. blood cannot drain out of body- pockets of blood (chocolate cysts); NO CURE
endometriosis
chronic pelvic pain, several causes; hypertonus or weakness, laxity in endopelvic fascia; often poorly understood and no obvious cause for pain
Pelvic floor disease
most common benign neoplasm of breast; estrogen induced
solitary lesions(non-tender, round, firm).
fibroadenoma
abnormal twisting of spermatic cord as testis rotates within tunica vaginalis; surgical emergency; associated with congenital abnormalities; abrupt onset of scrotal pain and swelling
testicular torsion
implantation of fertilized ovum outside the uterine cavity (fallopian most common), amenorrhea or irregular bleeding and spotting, nonspecific quadrant or back pain, life threatening
ectopic pregnancy
age related non malignant enlargement of prostate gland; restricts urine flow- decreases caliber and force or urine stream, difficulty initiating urination, nocturia
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
second most common female urogenital cancer. most lethal.
-poor outcome due to difficult diagnosis, most asymptomatic or vague symptoms (abdominal bloating, flatulence, fatigue, malaise, gastritis, etc)
ovarian cancer
AKA impotence, inability to achieve, emotional distress and depression, satisfactory sexual performance
Erectile dysfunction
pain, urinary dysfunction, fever, urethral discharge, unilateral scrotal pain, local scrotal erythema and swelling
epididymis
multiple disorders that cause pelvic discomfort, inflammation of prostate gland; highest among men in 40s, urinary frequency, dysuria, pain in low back and groin.
prostitis
herniation of rectum into the vagina, forming a pouch int he intestine; result of pelvic floor relaxation or overstretching.
rectocele
enlargement of testis with diffuse testicular pain, swelling, hardness or some combo of these, malignancy of cells in one or both testicles
testicular cancer
permanent cessation of menses, end of reproduction potential, accompanied by reduced estrogen levels, hot flashes, vaginal dryness, fatigue, anxiety, sleep disturbances, memory loss, reduced libido, mood swings, irritability
menopause
herniation of urinary bladder into vagina: result of pelvic floor relaxation or structural overstretching of pelvis.
cystocele
largely preventable disease- preventably sexual practices, screening, vaccine. Primary cause: transfer of HPV.
-most common STD in the US. asymptotic at first, advance disease present before abnormal bleeding occurs.
cervical cancer
infection and inflammation of female upper genital tract; variety of conditions and any inflammatory condition, affecting female reproductive organs.
can cause infertility, chronic pain, ectopic pregnancy.
s/s: often asymptomatic, can have vaginal bleeding and discharge and burning during urination
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
bulging of uterus into the vagina, result of pelvic floor relaxation or structural overstretching of pelvic musculature or ligamentous structures.
uterine prolapse
most drugs used for what are required to take 3-4 weeks before a true mood elevating effect is perceived.
drugs used to treat depression
post traumatic stress disorder symptoms begin at what point after exposure to and extreme traumatic event?
3 months
Normal body mass index (BMI)
19-25
lower than 18.5 underweight
higher than 26 overweight
drug that has a persistent long-term release in children who have undergone abuse
cortisol
depressive disorder characterized by structural changes in the brain
organic mood disorder
best position to sleep when pt has Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
left side-lying
chrons disease is an incurable, chronic and debilitating disease that causes what typo of cancer?
intestinal
presence of peptic ulcer will radiate pain in which part of the body?
right upper quadrant
weakness of which muscle can lead to a hiatal hernia
diaphragm
which condition is considered a chronic inflammatory disorder of the mucosa and submucosa of the colon in a continuous manner?
ulcerative colitis
head lifting exercises will help and individual with what condition
dysphagia in swallowing
causes of upper GI bleeding
major trauma or systemic illness, peptic ulcer, chronic alcohol abuse
medication that stop acid production in the stomach
prilosec
position of head of bed raised 6-12 inches with knees slightly flexed helps with what?
with positioning after any type of gastrectomy
abnormal bleeding is a symptom of which cancer type
endometrial cancer
cancer that has a poor prognosis
ovarian cancer
pelvic inflammatory disease can be cure with?
antibiotics
primary cause of cervical cancer
HPV- Human Papilloma Virus
side effect of the prescription of estrogen after menopause
breast cancer, heart disease, stroke
consists of a band of muscles made up of several muscle groups stretching like a sling from the pubic bone to the coccyx at the base of the spine that work together to support the internal and pelvic organs.
pelvic floor
at what stage of chronic kidney disease will levels of creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) first begin to increase?
stage 3
number one prevention for bladder cancer
smoking cessation
what patient population is most likely to exhibit mental status changes with a UTI
elderly females
which bacteria is most often implicated in ascending UTIs
escherichia coli
some causes of chronic kidney disease
diabetes, hypertension, glomurelonephritis
laboratory level that will be lower for an individual with ESRD
Hemoglobin
urinary incontinence types
which patient population is at risk for urinary tract infection due to the dilation of the upper urinary system
pregnant women
what does H pylori cause and risk factors
causes: gastric/peptic ulcers, cancer, stomach issues
living with people who has it, not eating fruits and vegetables, food or water contaminated
nexium, prevacid, prilosec, orotonix, aciphex
GI medications, used to treat heartburn, stomach or intestinal ulcers.
SIDE EFFECTS: nausea, vomiting, constipation, abdominal pain, bloating
crohns disease vs ulcerative colitis
table 4.6
antidepressant side effects
SSRIs and SNRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) -
SE: shaky and anxious, stomach aches, constipations, dizziness, insomnia or no sleep, headaches, etc
role of exercise and depression
regular exercise may help ease depression and anxiety, releases endorphins and brain chemicals that can enhance sense of well being.
UTI prevention
urinate when needed, if sexually active, right after sex, avoid baths, drink fluids, proper wiping (front to back), etc
advantages and disadvantages of hormone replacement therapy
-disadvantages: increases risk of heart attack in women, increase risk of stroke, endometrial cancer, breast cancer, vaginal bleeding, weight gain, etc
-advantages: treats menopausal symptoms, maintains healthy skin, prevents wrinkles, improves blood pressure, improves pain tolerance, increases serotonin
Most common measured renal waste products are?
serum creatinine and BUN.
SS of urinary track problems
urinary frequency, urgency, nocturia, pain, fever and chills, dysuria, etc
types of urinary incontinence
- functional incontinence: normal urine control but problem because of muscle or joint dysfunction
- urge incontinence: sudden unexpected
- stress incontinence: loss of urine during activities, laughing, coughing
- overflow incontinence: constant leaking of urine
role of PTA- incontenence management
ask questions about sleeping, medical history, diet, pelvic floor exercises, etc. education on how to retrain your bladder
impact of psychological conditions
mental health conditions can result in disability, substance abuse, addiction, suicide, poor quality of life, emotional and behavior problems, complication with physical health, etc.
types of hernias
histal, inglunal, umbilical etc
older adults with GI dysfunction may present:
incontenece, diarrhea, constipation,
antibiotics cause
diarrhea
another name for gastric ulcer, where do you feel pain
peptic ulcers, upper right quadrant
diarrhea, difficulty concentrating, SOB, increased blood pressure
anxiety
what is chronic pain
pain and healing that lasts more than 3 months
causes of chronic kidney disease
-diabetes and high blood pressure
systemic manifestations of kidney failure:
decreases/abnormal urination system, changes in GI, etc
clinical manifestations of kidney stones and cancer
post menopausal what to do if bleeding a lot
why is the prognosis of ovarian cancer poor
why is the prognosis of ovarian cancer poor
because symptoms present and by the time they diagnosis, its too late.
signs of breast cancer and how is it treated
palpable lymph/cyst.
chemotherapy, radiation, surgery to remove lymph, mastectomy, hormone treatment
function of a lypmh node
filters fluid and brings it back to bloodstream
how does the lymphatic system prevents swelling
it returns the fluid to the blood which prevents swelling and helps to maintain normal blood volume and pressure.
