Exam 5 Flashcards
Structural classifications of joints
-fibrous
- Cartilaginous
- Bony
- Synovial
Synarthrosis
Very strong
E.g: sutures, gomphosis, synochondrosis, synostosis
Amphiarthrosis
Slightly moveable
E.g: syndesmosis, symphysis
Syndesmosis
Bones connected by ligament
Symphysis
Bones connected by fibrocartilage
Diarthrosis
Freely moveable
E.g: synovial joints
Plane
Limited motion, flat/ slightly curved surface
Nonaxial
Hinge
Angular motion in a single plane
Nonaxial
Condylar
Oval articular face within a depression
Biaxial
Saddle
Articular faces fit together like a rider in a saddle
Biaxial (thumb)
Pivot
Rotation only
Nonaxial
Ball-and-socket
Round head in a cup-shaped depression
Triaxial
Synovial fluid functions
- from synovial membrane
- fills joint cavity
- reduces friction
Accessory Synovial joint structures
Cartilages
Meniscus
Fibrocartilage pad between opposing bones
Accessory Synovial joint structures
Fat pads
Adipose tissue covered by synovial membrane
Accessory Synovial joint structures
Ligaments
Support and strengthen joints
Accessory Synovial joint structures
Tendons
Attach to muscles around joint
Accessory Synovial joint structures
Bursae
Pockets of synovial fluid to cushion areas where tendons and ligaments rub on other tissue
Sprain
Ligament with torn collagen fibers
Stabilizing factors of synovial joints
- prevents injury by limiting range of motion
- collagen fibers of joint capsule and ligaments
- shapes of articulating surfaces and menisci
- other bones, muscles, fat pads
- tendons attach to articulating bones
Planes of movement
Nonaxial
0 plane (acromioclavicular)
Planes of movement
Nonaxial/uniaxial
1 plane (elbow)
Planes of movement
Biaxial
2 planes (wrist)
Planes of movement
Triaxial/multiaxial
3 planes (shoulder)
Gliding movement
When two flat surfaces slide past each other
(Two carpal bones)
Angular movement
Flextime and extension movements in anterior posterior plane (front to back)
Flexion
Decrease angle (bicep flex)
Extension
Increase angle
Hyperextension
Looking up with head
Abduction
Movement away from longitudinal axis
Abduction
Movement toward longitudinal axis
Circumduction
A complete circular movement without rotation (only shoulder and hips can do this)
Rotational movement
Shaking head no
Medial/lateral: hip (turning leg in or out)
Pronation: rotate forearm
Supination: turn palms anteriorly (like you’re holding soup)
Special movement
Inversion: twists sole of foot medial
Eversion: twist sole of foot lateral
Dorsiflexion: flexion at ankle (lifting toes)
Plantar flexion: extension at ankle (pointing toes)
Opposition: movement of thumb to palm
Reposition: opposite of opposition
Protraction: anterior movement in horizontal plane (forward) giving yourself and underbite
Retraction: opposite
Depression: move jaw down
Elevation: move jaw up
Lateral flexion: bending vertebral column to the side
Intervertebral joints
First two cervical vertebrae are joined by synovial joint
Intervertebral disc
Separate vertebral bodies
Intervertebral ligaments
Ligaments flava
Connect laminae of adjacent vertebrae
Intervertebral ligaments
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Connects posterior surface of vertebral body
Intervertebral ligaments
Anterior longitudinal ligament
Connect anterior surface of vertebral body
Intervertebral ligaments
Interspinous ligaments
Connect spinous processes of vertebrae
Intervertebral ligaments
Supraspinous ligament
Connects tips of spinous
Elbow joint
Hinge
Articulates with ulna hum humerous and radius
Elbow ligaments
Radial collateral
Angular
Ulnar collateral ligament
Elbow joints
Humero-ulnar: largest strongest elbow joint
Humeroradial joint: smaller joint, for stabilization
Knee
Hinge joint
Transfers weight from femur to tibia
Articulates: two femur one patella
Knee joint cavity
Medial and lateral menisci
Knee ligaments
Patellar
Two popliteal
Anterior and posterior cruciate
Tibial collateral ligament
Shoulder
Ball and socket joint
Glenoid labrum
Rim of fibrocartilage only found in ball and socket joint
Extends beyond bony rim and deepens socket
Shoulder ligaments
Acromioclavicular
Coracoclavicular
Coraco- acromial
Coracohumeral
Glenohumeral
Shoulder separation
Most common form of dislocation
Dislocation of acromioclavicular joint
Muscles of rotator cuff
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Subscapularis
Minor
Shoulder bursae
Subdeltoid
Subcoracoid
Subacromial
Subscapular
Hip joint
Ball and socket (stronger than shoulder)
Hip ligaments
Iliofemoral
Pubofemoral
Ischiofemoral
Rheumatism
Pain and stiffness in musculoskeletal (muscle and bones) system
Arthritis
Joint inflammation
Skeletal muscle functions
Move body by pulling on bones
Maintain posture
Support soft tissue
Guard body entrances and exits
Maintains temp
Store nutrients
Skeletal muscle organization
Epimysium
Superficial
Layer of collagen fibers that surrounds the muscle
Connect to deep fascia
Perimysium
Surrounds muscle fiber bundles
Fascicles
Contains collagen fibers, elastic fibers, blood vessels, nerves
Endomysium
Deep layer
Surround individual muscle cells
Muscle fibers
T- tubules
- tubes that extend from surface of muscle fiber deep into sarcoplasm
- transmit action potentials from sarcolemma into cell interior
Sarcoplasmic reticular (SR)
- tubular network surrounding each myofibril
- similar to smooth ER
- forms chambers that attach to T tubules
- specialized for storage and release of calcium ions (how muscle contraction starts)
