exam 5 Flashcards
what is the a afferent nervous system?
Sensory division that carry signals from receptors to the central nervous system. The somatic sensory division carry signals from receptors in the skin, muscles, bones and joints. the visceral sensory division carry signals, mainly from the viscera of the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
what is the Efferent nervous system?
Motor or sensory division that carries signals from the central nervous system to gland and muscle cells that carry out the bodies responses. The somatic motor division carry signals to the skeletal muscles. the visceral motor division carry signals to glands, cardiac muscles and smooth muscles
what is the central nervous system?
Brain and spinal cord, which are enclosed and protected by the cranium and vertebral column
What is the peripheral nervous system?
nerves and ganglia. Nerves are bundles of nerve fibers called axons that are wrapped in fibrous connective tissue. A ganglion is a not like swelling in a nerve where the cell bodies of neurons are concentrated.
what is a dendrite?
Branch processes that receives signals from the cells
what is an axon?
Specialize for rapid conduction of Nerf signals
what is a soma
Gives ride to a few thick processes that branch into a vast number of dendrites
What is an axon hillock?
The part of the neuron cell body that connects to the axon
what is an axon terminal?
Releases the Neuro transmitters of the presynaptic cell
what is anterograde transport?
Forwards
what is retrograde transport?
Backwards
what is the function of the cerebral spinal fluid?
Flows over the surface of the brain and down the length of the spinal cord
what is a oligodendrocyte?
Insulate the nerve fiber from the extra cellular fluid
What is an ependymal cell?
Resembles a cuboidal epithelium lining the internal cavities of the brain and spinal cord
what is an astrocyte?
The most abundant sell over 90% of the tissue in some areas of the brain they form a supportive framework, the blood brain barrier
what is a microglia?
Small macrophages that develop from white blood cells called monocytes
What is a Schwann cell?
envelop nerve fibers of the PNS produce in myelin sheath and assist in the regeneration of damaged fibers
what is a satellite cell?
surround the ganglia of the PNS, they provide electrical insulation around the soma and regulate the chemical environment of the neurons
what is the function and constitution of the myelin sheath?
accelerates the impulse. 80% lipids and 20% proteins.
what is the cerebrum?
Pair of cerebral hemispheres
What is the frontal lobe function?
Voluntary motor functions, motivation, planning, mood, emotions, social experiment and aggression
What is the function of the parietal lobe?
Primary site for receiving and interpreting signals of the general senses
What is the function of the occipital lobe?
Principal visual center of the brain
what is the function of the temporal lobe?
Hearing smell learning in some aspects of vision andemotion
what is the function of the corpus callosum?
Hemispheres are connected by this, and a thick bundle of nerve fibers. Process motor and sensory signals.
What is the function of the thalamus?
taste, smell, hearing, equilibrium, vision, touch, pain, pressure, heat, cold, plays a key role in motor control, is involved in memory and emotional functions of the limbic system (temporal and frontal lobes)
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
major control center of the autonomic nervous system, and the endocrine system. Hormone secretion, autonomic affects, thermal regulation, food and water intake, sleep and circadian, rhythms, memory, emotional behavior and sexual response
What is the function of the epithalamus and penal gland?
Circadian rhythms
What is the function of the pituitary gland?
located at the base of the brain below the hypothalamus, and in charge of making a essential hormones
What is the function of the cerebellum?
occupies the post cereal, cranial fossa inferior to the cerebrum, separated from it by the transverse cerebral fissure. control of movements
what are the three parts of the cerebellum?
Inferior pentacles, middle, pentacles, superior pentacles
what does the inferior pinnacles connect to?
Medulla oblongata
what is the middle of pentacles connected to?
Pons
What is the superior pinnacles connected to?
The midbrain
What is the brainstem composed of?
The midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
What is the function of the midbrain?
Vision, hearing, motor control, sleep, and awake, arousal, temperature regulation, acting as a sort of relay station for auditory and visual information
what is the function of the pons?
 Sleep, respiration and posture
what is the function of the medulla oblongata
all nerve fibers, connecting the brain to the spinal cord pass through here. Some of these are ascending, sensory, and some are descending, motor, fibers.
Where is the longitudinal fissure located?
Between the hemispheres
where is the lateral fissure located?
Between the parietal and temporal lobe
Where is the transverse fissure located?
Between the occipital lobe, and the cerebellum
what are the three layers of the meninges?
Dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater
What is the anatomy of the spinal cord?
begins at the foreman magnum, and ends at L1-L2
what are the enlargement of the spinal cord?
Cervical enlargement and lumbar enlargement
what is white matter?
Lies deep to the cortical gray matter, and most of the brain, is composed of bundles of axons, which hear connect one part of the brain to another, and the spinal cord
What is the gray matter?
Seat of the dendrites, and the synapse, site of synaptic contact between neurons
How many spinal nerves do we have?
there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, eight cervical, 12 thoracic, five lumbar, five sacral, one coccygeal
what are the names and branches of the plexuses
cervical (C1-C5)
Brachial (C5-T1)
Lumbar (T12-L5)
Sacral (L4-S5)
Coccygeal (S4-Co1)
what is the function and Roman numerals of the olfactory nerve
Sense of smell, damage causes, impaired sense of smell, nasal cavity, sensory fibers. 1
What is the function of the optic nerve and what is the Roman numeral?
begins at the retina of the eyes, provides vision, damage causes blindness in part or all visual fields. Two.
What is the function in Roman numeral of the ocular motor nerve?
Three and performs eye-movement
What is the function and Roman numeral of the trochlear nerve?
performs eye movements and four
what is the function and Roman numeral of the trigmental nerve?
Has three branches, maxillary, mandibular, and ophthalmic. It’s mainly sensation in the face and five.
what is the Roman numeral and function of the abducens nerve?
performs eye movements. 6
What is the function of the facial nerve and what is the Roman numeral?
sensory, sensation from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue. Motor, muscles of facial expression, secretion from lacrimal in salivary glands. seven
what is the function and Roman numeral of the vestibular ocular nerve?
Detect movement that are linear and angular, cochlear branch is responsible for hearing. Eight.
what is the function and Roman numeral of the glossophyarngeal nerve? u
Century, neurons for taste to posterior 1/3 of pharynx in eardrum. Motor, swallowing, and salivary glands. 9
What is the function and Roman numeral of the vagus nerve?
sensory, Fairbanks, internal acoustic meatus, diaphragm, and internal organs of the thoracic and abdominal pelvic cavities. Motor, fibers to the palate, pharynx, and autonomic motor fibers to internal organs. 10
What is the function and Roman numeral for the accessory nerve?
entirely motor in innervates, the trapezius and the sternocleidomastoid muscle’s. 11
What is the function of the hypoglossal and what is the Roman numeral?
Motor and innervates the muscles that move the tongue 12
what are the arc reflex steps
Step one. Arrival of stimulus, an activation of receptor.
Step two. activation of sensory neuron
step three. Information of processing in the central nervous system.
Step four. Activation of motor neuron.
Step five. Response by effector
What is the cornea?
transparent cover on anterior surface of eyeball
What is the iris?
Color diaphragm, controlling size of people
What is the pupil?
Central opening
What is the aqueous humor?
The clear fluid filling the space in the front of the eyeball between the lens and the cornea
what is the vitreous humor?
Transparent, colors, gel like substance located in the posterior chamber of the eye
What is the retina?
Attached the rest of the eye only at optic disc and at ora serrata
what is the choroid?
Vascular layer of the eyeball between the retina in the Scalera
what is the sclera?
The white outer layer of the eyeball
what is the conjunctiva?
The mucus membrane, that covers the front of the eye and the inside of the eyelids
What is glaucoma?
elevated pressure within the I do to obstruction of scleral venous sinus an improper dryness of aqueous humor. Death of retinal sells due to the compression of blood vessels and lack of oxygen.
what is Cataracs?
Clouding of the lens, Lynn’s fibers, dark in with age, fluid filled bubbles and cliffs, filled with debris, appear between the fibers, inducted by diabetes, smoking, drugs
What are the parts of the external ear?
elastic cartilage, rim, lobe
what are the parts of the middle ear?
tympanic membrane,malleus, incus, stapes, oval window, round window
what are the parts of the internal ear?
lies in the temporal bone behind the eye socket. Bony labyrinth channels in the bone, contains perilymph, membranous labyrinth, sacs and ducks contained within the bony labyrinth, contain endolymph
