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Coagulation > Exam 5 > Flashcards

Exam 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some properties we can use to classify carbohydrates?

A

How many carbons, C=O functional group location, # of sugar units, sterochemistry

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2
Q

Trioses

A

3-C sugars

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3
Q

Tetroses

A

4-Carbon sugars

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4
Q

Pentoses

A

5-Carbon sugars

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5
Q

Hexoses

A

6 C sugars

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6
Q

What are the monosaccharide components of the disaccharides maltose, lactose, and sucrose?

A

Maltose = glucose + glucose

Lactose = glucose + galactose

Sucrose = Glucose + fructose

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7
Q

Decribe Fisher projection vs Haworth

A

Fisher linear

Haworth- closed shape usually hexagon

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8
Q

What functional group is used to classify carbs

A

Carbonyl C=O

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9
Q

What is the difference between D-glucose and L-glucose

A

D- OH on 5th C is to the right

L- OH on the 5th C is to the left

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10
Q

How many sugar units in oligosaccharides, polysaccharides?

A

Oligo- 3-10 sugar units

Poly- more than 10 monosaccharides

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11
Q

D-glucose and L-glucose are what in relation to each other

A

Isomers

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12
Q

Name 4 examples of polysaccharides

A

Starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

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13
Q

Define and name a few examples of types of glycoproteins

A

Oligosaccharides bonded to membrane proteins

Antibodies

Hormones

Coagulation factors

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14
Q

What is needed for a carb to be a reducing substance

A

The sugar must have a free ketone or aldehyde group

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15
Q

Most ingested carbs are __

A

Polymers

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16
Q

____ breaks the polymers down into dextrins and disaccharides

A

amylase

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17
Q

Where to monosaccharides go after they are digested and absorbed

A

The liver

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18
Q

___ is the only carb that is used or stored directly

A

Glucose

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19
Q

What is the primary source of energy in humans

A

glucose

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20
Q

What is the general reaction for the 1st metabolic pathway
What are the end products

A

Embden- Meyerhof Pathway

Aerobic- 32 mols of ATP from 1 mol glucose – glucose to pyruvic acid

Anaerobic- 2 mols of ATP from 1 mol of glucose – glucose to lactic acid

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21
Q

What is the general reaction for the 2nd metabolic pathway
What are the end products

A

Hexose Monophosphate shunt- G6p to 6 phosphogluconic acid, enzyme G6p dehydrogenase

NADPH and ribose 5 phosphate

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22
Q

What is the general reaction for the 3rd metabolic pathway
What are the end products

A

Glycogenesis
G6P –> glycogen

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23
Q

What metabolic pathway for glucose can produce the sugar used in nucleotide synthesis?

A

Hexose monophosphate- ribose 5 phosphate is used in nucleotide synthesis

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24
Q

What is the storage form of glucose?

A

Glycogen

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25
Q

What tissues are capable of storing glycogenesis and glycogenolysis

A

Genesis- Liver and muscle
Lysis- Liver

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26
Q

What metabolic process occurs during short fasting period

A

glycogenolysis
gluconeogenesis

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27
Q

What metabolic process occurs during prolonged fasting

A

gluconeogenesis

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28
Q

What metabolic process occurs during postprandial

A

after a meal
glycogenesis
lipogenesis

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29
Q

Glucagon is a ___
secreted by ___
and it increases _____
And it also increases ____

A

hormone
alpha langerhans
Glucogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis

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30
Q

Growth hormone is secreted by

A

the anterior pituitary

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31
Q

ACTH is secreted by

A

anterior pituitary

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32
Q

Somatostatin is secreted by ____
and is the intermediate between glucagon and ____

A

pancreas
insulin

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33
Q

Which of these ___ increase glucose blood levels, which ones decrease

glucagon
epinephrine
growth hormone
ACTH
Somatostatin
cortisol
thryoxine
human placental lactogen
insulin

A

all hormones!

all increase glucose expect for insulin

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34
Q

Epinephrine is secreted by

A

adrenal cortex

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35
Q

Cortisol is secreted by

A

the adrenal cortex

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36
Q

Thyroxine is secreted by

A

thyroid gland

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37
Q

human placental lactogen is secreted by

A

placenta

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38
Q

insulin is secreted by

A

Beta cells of langerhans

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39
Q

What hormones when overproduced mimic diabetes symptoms

A

cortisol and thyroxine

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40
Q

What component is lost when converting preproinsulin into proinsulin
the process is called

A

signal sequence
proteolysis

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41
Q

What component is lost when converting proinsulin into mature insulin

A

C-peptide

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42
Q

Increase in plasma glucose levels due to defects in insulin secretion, action or both causes ___ resulting in the disease

A

hyperglycemia
diabetes mellitus

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43
Q

signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia
increased or decreased?
thirst
urination
appetite

A

all increased

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44
Q

blurred vision
slow healing wounds
numbness, tingling in feet
rapid breathing
decreased consciousness-coma

A

hyperglycemia

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45
Q

Diabetes Mellitus is Type #
___ dependent

A

1 insulin dependent
2 non insulin dependent

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45
Q

Destruction of beta pancreas cells from an autoimmune condition can be a triggering event for___

A

DM

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46
Q

people with diabetes mellitus are prone to ___

A

DKA diabetic ketoacidosis

47
Q

What occurs in DKA

A

severe hyperglycemia
peeing out glucose
thirst
body uses fatty acids for energy instead
results in acidosis, high ketones, elevated glucose levels

48
Q

Type 2 diabetes is when

A

enough insulin is produces but there is no response to it

49
Q

diabetes type ___ has intact beta cells

A

type 2

50
Q

diabetes type ___ has less severe symptoms

A

2

51
Q

What is the treatment for type 1? and type 2?

A

1- insulin
2- lifestyle changes

52
Q

Type ___ that is out of control can lead to HHS

A

2

53
Q

HHS occurs most commonly in pts with _____ that leads to ___

A

febrile illness
decreased fluid intake

54
Q

The breakdown of what compounds result in the production of ketones?

A

fatty acids

55
Q

Type ___ is more prevalent in juveniles and type ___ is more prevalent in adults

A

1
2

56
Q

What is GDM

A

gestational diabetes mellitus
hyperglycemia during pregnancy

57
Q

How does gestational Diabetes Mellitus affect the infant

A

can give it hyperglycemia, makes too much insulin
more likely if large babies, in past still birth,

58
Q

What causes secondary diabetes

A

genetic defects of beta cell function
or caused by secondary diseases like pancreatic or endocrine

59
Q

What endocrine diseases increase glucose levels

A

hyperthyroidism
cushing’s syndrome
acromegaly

60
Q

What is the leading cause of death in diabetics

A

heart disease

61
Q

What are the severe complications that can occur after longterm hyperglycemia

A

renal failure
stroke
blindness

62
Q

What part of the body cannot store its own glucose

A

Central nervous system

63
Q

Main symptoms of hypoglycemia?

A

dizziness, blurred vision, sweating, nausea, headaches

64
Q

What 3 symptoms diagnose hypoglycemia

A

low glucose
symptoms when glucose is low
no symptoms when glucose returns to normal

65
Q

Not eating after consuming insulin can cause____, this is the most common cause in ___

A

hypoglycemia
adults

66
Q

What are the causes of hypoglycemia in neonates

A

premature, maternal toxemia, maternal diabetes

67
Q

What is the most common diabetes mellitus

A

type 2

68
Q

What is the optimal specimen for glucose testing? Why isn’t this specimen used more frequently?

A

glucose dehydrogenase
most specific

69
Q

Most common method of measuring glucose

A

hexokinase

70
Q

What 2 factors determine glycosylated hgb levels

A

to find average glucose
RBC lifespan 2-3 months

71
Q

What test calculates the estimated average glucose

A

Hgb A1C

72
Q

What are the main criteria to diagnose diabetes

A

fasting plasma glucose >126
2h plasma glucose >200
random glucose >200

73
Q

What tests are alternatives to find average glucose

A

fructosamine
best for pts with chronic DM

74
Q

elevated ___ is one of the most common reasons for an elevated osmolality

A

glucose

75
Q

What type of diabetes, chronic or acute
glycolsylated Hgb A1C
fructosamine
urinary protein and microalbumin
kidney function

A

chronic DM

76
Q

What type of diabetes chronic or acute
glucose
ABG
electrolytes
ketones
lactate
osmo
kidney function

A

acute DM

77
Q

What are lipids made of
What are their functions

A

CH bonds
storing energy, cell membranes

78
Q

no double C bonds, straight mol

kinks- double bonds

A

saturated

unsaturated

79
Q

Trans vs cis fatty acids

A

trans- Hs on opposite sides
cis- Hs on same side

80
Q

No charge or polar groups are
____ like triglycerides

A

hydrophobic

81
Q

Are Triglycerides cis or trans, saturated or unsaturated

A

cis unsaturated

82
Q

Are Triglycerides cis or trans, saturated or unsaturated

A

cis unsaturated
oils

83
Q

inositol
serine
ethanolamine

A

phospholipid head groups ***

84
Q

How do phospholipids react to water

A

amphipathic

85
Q

Is cholesterol, saturated or unsatured

A

unsaturated

86
Q

How does cholesterol react to water

A

amphipathic

87
Q

cholesterol is usually synthesized by

A

animals

88
Q

Is cholesterol a source of fuel?

A

no

89
Q

What compound is used as the precursor for the steroid hormones and vitamin D3?

A

cholesterol

90
Q

What is cholesteryl ester?

A

esterified form of cholesterol for storage

91
Q

lipid that has a role in blood clotting

A

prostaglandin

92
Q

lipid that is an intermediate of cholesterol, associate with carrots

A

terpenes

93
Q

larger lipoproteins have ____ core regions and ____ amounts of triglyceride and cholesterol esters

A

large
large

94
Q

put lipids in order of biggest to smallest

Very low density lipoproteins
chylomicrons
high density lipoproteins
low density lipoproteins

A

biggest
chylomicrons
very low
low
high
smallest

95
Q

3 steps of lipid pathway

A
  1. absorption in intestine
    2 exogenous in chylos to liver
    3 endogenous in VDL to LDL
    4 reverse transport in HDL
96
Q

How are exogenous triglycerides transported in plasma?

A

chylos

97
Q

How are endogenous triglycerides transported in plasma?

A

LDL

98
Q

What is the main function of lipoproteins

A

deliver dietary lipids to the liver

99
Q

lipoproteins are rich in

A

triglycerides

100
Q

What produces VLDL

A

the liver

101
Q

What is the reason that hyperlipidemic specimen become turbin

A

VLDL

102
Q

VLDL- the major carrier of ___ triglycerides

A

endogenous

103
Q

what is iDL

A

intermediate- we dont care or see it often

104
Q

What is the main carrier of cholesterol to the peripheral cells

A

LDL

105
Q

Who is good and who is bad
LDL
HDL

A

H for happy HDL - good
LDL- bad

106
Q

Is LDL small or large?

A

small, cna get into vessel walls

107
Q

What is the smallest and most dense lipoprotein particle

A

HDL

108
Q

least amount of lipids, most amount of protein

A

HDL

109
Q

Where is HDL synthesized?

A

liver and intestine

110
Q

What is the main function of HDL

A

remove excess cholesterol from peripheral cells

111
Q

Match: hypo, tangier or abeta
low LDL
low LDL
low HDL

A

abetalipoproteinemia
hypobetalipoproteinemia
tangier disease

112
Q

What enzyme hydrolyzes triglycerides?

A

LIPASE

113
Q

What is the formula to calculate LDL

A

LDL= cholesterol - HDL - (triglycerides/5)

114
Q

What are the 3 ketone bodies

A

acetone
acetoacetate
beta hydroxybutyric acid

Coagulation (7 decks)

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