Exam Flashcards
<p>Define the creative industries</p>
<p>industries which have their origin in individual creativity , skill and talent.</p>
<p>Industries within "the creative industries" include...</p>
<p>Advertising, architecture, art and antiques market, crafts, design, designer fashion, film and video, interactive leisure software, music, the performing arts, publishing, software and computer services, television and radio
</p>
<p>Why did the creative industries begin?</p>
<p>wanted to exploit greyness between:
- creative arts and cultural industries
- Freedom and comfort
- Public and private
- State and Commercial
- Citizen and consumer
- Political and personal</p>
<p>What does Content and Process Theory focus on?</p>
<p>Focus on interaction between content and external factors
Includes emphasis on learning
</p>
<p>What is RIASEC (Holland's theory)?</p>
<p>Realistic, investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, Conventional.</p>
<p>What is Holland's Career theory?</p>
<p> - Persons are attracted to similar environment.
this influences person’s potential satisfaction, persistence and contribution in that environment.
- Focuses on the now
- Persona and environment matching
</p>
<p>What are the five stages Super's Career theory?</p>
<p>- Career development has five stages - Growth, Exploration, Establishment, Maintenance and Disengagement </p>
<p>What are the main points of Krumboltz Career Theory?</p>
<p>An individual's career choices and development are a product of learned behaviour, therefore, future learned behaviour can and will determinants of career choice and development are:
Genetic endowment (cannot be affected)
Environmental conditions and events (cannot be affected)
Instrumental and associative learning experiences
Knowledge of task approach skills
Irrational beliefs = barrier
Each individual filters events and information
Positive reinforcement and role models are powerful
Uncertainty is acceptable
</p>
<p>Why were the creative industries a complex and messy area?</p>
<p>- Government
- Diversity
- People reliant on subsidy</p>
<p>What was the advantage of pushing the creative industry?</p>
<p>Provided jobs and would stimulate the GDP gross domestic product</p>
<p>How did the creative industries affect cities?</p>
<p>- Could reinvent cities previously reliant on industry or manufacturing
- Could transfer creativity from ‘spending’ to ‘wealth creation’ department.</p>
<p>How did the creative arts influence technology?</p>
<p>- Initially IBM was for business-2-business hardware
then Bill Gates made it about the PC
- Part of larger shift from goods to services, producer to consumer</p>
<p>How did the PC economy change due to the creative industry</p>
<p>- IT became the boom sector
- Everyone had a PC on their desk</p>
<p>Soon IT turned into ICT, what did this mean for the computer users?</p>
<p>- The concept of connectivity came to the fore
- Significant opportunity for content
- This also meant that creativity was key.
</p>
<p>What are 3 different approaches to being entrepreneurial?</p>
<p>• New venture creation
• Transitioning approach or opportunity recognition
• Career self-management</p>
<p>Define Enterprising</p>
<p>Having or showing initiative and resourcefulness.</p>
<p>Creative artists 3-5 times more likely to....</p>
<p>Work freelance or be self employed.</p>
<p>Duening refers to the need to have five ‘minds’ when being enterprising or entrepreneurial. What are these?</p>
<p>• ‘Opportunity recognizing’ mind – having vision
* ‘Designing’ mind – being able to create and innovate
* ‘Risk managing’ mind – control mechanisms
* ‘Resilient’ mind – rebound and coping strategies
* ‘Effectuating’ mind – action and getting it done!</p>
<p>Ruth Bridgstock states there are 4 competencies required for being ‘Enterprising’. What are these?</p>
<p>Metacompetencies
* Career Self-Management
* Learning Self-Management
* Critical Self-Reflection
Skills
* Discipline-Specific
* Business
* Finding &amp; obtaining/creating employment
Contexts
* Knowledge of Self
* Knowledge of Sector
Underlying Dispositional Characteristics
~~~
• Pro-activeness
• Resilience
• Adaptability
• Tolerance of Uncertainty &amp; Risk
</p>
~~~
<p>Being creative and an artist can be challenging and confronting due to...</p>
<p>• Frequent critical feedback from peers, assessors, audiences
* Isolation and loneliness of many art forms.
* Substance abuse. Studies have shown that artists are prone to substance addiction (e.g. tobacco, alcohol)</p>
<p>What do Masten and Reed (2002) refer to as important traits for maintaining and/or building resilience?</p>
<p>• optimism • effective problem solving • faith • sense of meaning • self-efficacy • flexibility • impulse control • empathy • close relationships • spirituality</p>
<p>What are the 6 steps to "The last career guide youʼll ever need?"</p>
<p>• There is no plan • Think strengths, not weaknesses • Itʼs not about you • Persistence trumps talent • Make excellent mistakes • Leave an imprint</p>
<p>Erica McWilliam (2007) says “University graduates, as potential future creatives will be performing work that
is less focused on routine problem-solving
and more focused on creative outcomes
that involve....."</p>
<p>"New social relationships, novel challenges and the synthesizing of ‘big picture’ scenarios.”</p>
<p>What is a Sole Trader?</p>
<p>A sole trader is an individual who either invoices in their own name e.g. “John Smith” or under a business name owned or registered by the individual e.g. “John Smith Creative”
Most common, flexible and unrestricted form
No formal legal structure (normally)
Benefits:
Freedom
Take all profits
Challenges:
Debt or liabilities are on one person’s shoulders
Liability is unlimited</p>
<p>What is a "Partnership"</p>
<p>A partnership is a legal relationship between people who carry on a business in common for the making of profit.
</p>
<p>What is a Company?</p>
<p>A company is an independent legal entity able to do business in its own right. It has shareholders, who own the company, and directors, who run the company</p>
<p>What is "Limited Liability?"</p>
<p>A legal concept and basic commercial structure which protects shareholders by restricting their liabilities to the value of their shares, even if the company has debts exceeding that value.</p>
<p>What is a Business? </p>
<p>A commercial enterprise.
| </p>
<p>What is a "Business Plan?"</p>
<p>An action plan which guides an enterprise and which enables goal setting, tracking of progress and achievements, re-visioning and forward planning.</p>
<p>The Australia Council was set up to run by two key principles. What are they?</p>
<p>“Arm’s length” or being separate to government and not controlled/influenced by them.
“Peer review” where peers/artists have a major say in who/what gets funded.</p>
<p>What is the goal of Arts Queensland?</p>
<p>To build a strong arts and cultural sector that celebrates our unique identity and cultural heritage, drives a thriving creative economy, develops the creative capital of Queensland communities and enriches the lives of all Queenslanders.</p>
<p>What is the purpose of the “Creative Australia" national cultural policy?
</p>
<p>To “revitalise the arts” and to bring it into “mainstream” government agenda/policy.
“...the arts and creative industries are a key element of driving productivity growth and skills development”
It was the first major significant policy since ‘Creative Nation’ of 1994 under the Keating government.
</p>
<p>Who is Arts Queensland's key contributions from 2010-11?</p>
<p> Designing for the Asia Pacific triennial
Cairns Indigenous Art Fair
Backing Indigenous Arts strategy
Various festivals e.g. Brisbane Festival, Australian Festival of Chamber Music</p>
<p>What was the Australia Council's budget from 2011-12</p>
<p> $8.4 million towards international activities
$7.6 towards indigenous arts
$12 towards regional focus</p>
<p>What are the three levels of government in Australia?</p>
<p>Federal, states and local government.</p>
<p>The creative class consists of....</p>
<p>Super Creative Core: (computing,
maths, architecture, media, arts, entertainment etc)
&amp;
Creative Professionals: (business,
management, healthcare etc)</p>
<p>Creatives are highly mobile; so to attract them a city must
address 3 important aspects. What are those?</p>
<p>What’s there - built and natural environment...
Who’s there - diverse people, interaction opportunities...
What’s going on - cafe culture, street life, events...</p>
<p>Who are some people that are "against" the creative industries?</p>
<p>The open source movement
Amateur movement
Download cultures
Those in ‘displaced’ artistic practices (fringes)</p>
<p>What is the main funding program at a local level?</p>
<p>RADF - Regional Arts Development Fund</p>
What is/could be the future of the music industry?
1) Litigation will not deter P2P marketplace, but keep
underground.
2) File sharers have always existed, just the technology has changed.
3) Content is freely available, but not free given the need to purchase devices
4) File sharers can create new markets and “make bands”
5) Replacement cycle is over – digital does not “wear out”
6) Now purchase a “single” so quality and consistency is
more important given we don’t need to buy an “album”
7) A flat fee has been proposed e.g. taxes
8) Partnerships will continue to form to fight P2P e.g. with
Search engines to cut down access
What is the expected longevity of a creative artist?
- 70% increase in over 60s by 2025 in the USA
- Work far past 65
- Lifelong learning critical
- Careers re-engineered
- New ‘lens’ will be on health
What is could smart machines and systems be used for in the future?
- New smart machines will enter workplaces
- Replace some human tasks, augment others
- New partnerships that extend and value-add
- New possibilities for us to focus on non-menial tasks
What is could possibly make the world a “programmable system?”
- Unprecedented torrent of data coming our way
- Focus will be on manipulation of huge volumes of data
- Everything programmable
- Data will drive decision making and problem solving
What is the future of new media ecology?
- New ecosystems for communication
- Major cultural change due to shift from text to multimedia
- Brings with it greater transparency to work/personal
- Need to be more critical in consuming information
What could social technologies do to help create new forms of production and value creation?
New opportunities emerging on a large scale
No longer confined to large organisations
Example: open education platforms - increased access and scale
What is the future of global connectivity?
- Highly globally connected and inter-dependent world
- Developing economies growing rapidly (China, India)
- Previous hub and spokes model no longer enough
- Catering to local trends, behaviours and patterns needed
What skills are required for modern/future creatives?
Sense-Making: The ability to determine the deeper meaning or significance of what is being expressed.
- Critical thinking
- Doing what machines cannot do
Social Intelligence: The ability to connect to others in a deep and direct way, to sense and stimulate reactions and
desired interactions.
- Being ‘socially intelligent’ and responsive to emotions around you
- Adjusting words, tone, gestures accordingly
- Doing what machines cannot do
Novel and Adaptive Thinking: Proficiency at thinking and coming up with solutions and responses beyond that which is rote or rule-based.
- Job market is shifting to high and low end as middle area is automated or ‘off-shored’
- Requires ‘situational adaptability’ or responding to unexpected events
- Examples: complex legal brief or creating a new dish out of set ingredients
Cross-cultural Competency:The ability to operate in different cultural settings
- Work might occur across various countries
- Diversity a driver of innovation hence workplaces will diversify in terms of cultures
- Being able to work with diversity
Computational Thinking: The ability to translate vast amounts of data into abstract concepts and to understand data-based reasoning.
- Available data increasing exponentially
- Computational thinking skills will be required to handle this complex data
- These will replace MS office skills
- A lack of data should also not paralyse thinking and decision making
New-Media Literacy: The ability to critically assess and develop content that uses new media forms, and to leverage these media for persuasive communication
- The rise of video, blogs, podcasts
- Ability to produce content in new forms
- Visualisation of information (video)
- New tools needed
What is the summary of Chaos Theory?
careers are highly complex and not predictable
What are the main aspects of a Portfolio career?
• Individual has a range of skills that s/he sells to a
portfolio of clients
• Different to “loyalty” career in its detachment and
diversification
• Multiple part-time jobs
• Requires significant self-management and
organisational skills
• Considered a response to job insecurity today
What are the main aspects of a Protean career?
Has 3 elements
• Personal identification with meaningful work
• Personal responsibility for career management
• Subjective, psychological measures of success unique to the individual e.g. personal accomplishment, pride.
What are the main aspects of a Boundaryless career?
Not constrained by typical boundaries or barriers
Sequence of jobs across multiple employers
Often project-based employees or employment types
For some, external networks sustain the individual (e.g. real estate agent)
Independence from traditional organisational patterns and structures
Physical mobility – moving around
Psychological mobility – perceptions of being bound or of being able to transcend boundaries
What is “being enterprising”?
Having skills associated with the application, sharing or distribution, as opposed to the generation or making of creative artefacts
The main points of “Professional Identity”?
- How do you define or describe a person who is an artist?
- Inherently creative, risk taking, enterprising.
- Identity shaped by psychological measures rather than salary level or job title
- Identity often linked to signature style or artefacts
- ‘Adaptive identities’ to exist in the art world and deal with commercial realities e.g. deadlines, rent
Main points of Constructivist Career Theory?
Emphasises the subjective elements and experiences
Emphasises internal over external influences
Individuals construct meaning through their decisions and actions
Intentions, goals, decisions take on more meaning than personality type, self-concept or prior learning
Without meaning, knowledge is useless
Gottfredson’s Career Theory?
Linked to sex type – social status and type of occupation – People use these three main dimensions to understand the world of work
Proposed :occupational stereotypes” and put forward a “common cognitive map of occupations”
Stems from Holland’s RIASEC personal/environment matching
Why are internships so valuable?
- Gives a better understanding of the area in which one wants to work in
- Insights into management of an arts organisation and the skills required to run a business
- Provides great networking for future job prospects
What is Civic Humanism?
• An early form of philosophy espoused by Shaftesbury
and Reynolds
• Civic Humanism can be seen today in terms of higher
education (intellectual) versus vocational education
(skills)
• Also seen in terms of ‘high’ art versus ‘mainstream’
• To this day it encourages the majority to see
themselves ‘outside’ the world of art
• Original philosophy is about liberal arts or the ‘free’
• Irony is that while for the‘free’, the majority of high-art
practitioners today are reliant on (imprisoned by)
subsidy
What concept emerged as being “distasteful” to the
high art focus in Europe?
Americanisation
Civic humanism became
‘nationalised’ when…..
…Works of art moved
from aristocrat homes to museums &
galleries.
• This became a way of protecting art
or culture from the mechanisation and
standardisation of the industrial age
• Concept of ‘Americanisation’
emerged as being distasteful to the
high art focus in Europe
• How might this divide be resolved
and creativity seen as important
across both forms of practice?
Public sphere is where….
…..Citizenship is formed,
institutionalised, public-owned.
• Government, security, democracy, justice, civil
rights etc
• In creative arts, this is the domain of museums and
galleries who hold the ‘fine art’
Private sphere is where……
……Consumerism is
formed.
• Business, family, property, consumer rights etc
• In creative arts, this is where more commercial or
decorative arts can be found as against ‘fine art’
What is the origins of the term “The Culture Industries” and what is this concept?
• Term came about in 1930s and 1940s from the
Frankfurt school who were critical of ‘mass
entertainment’ or newspaper, movies, magazines,
music.
• Key theorists included Adorno, Horkheimer &
Arendt
• Used this concept to describe their disgust at the
success of facism, partly achieved through
mechanical reproduction of mass propaganda
• Entertainment media in the USA culpable for
popular culture heavily criticised (newspapers,
movies, magazines and music)
• Hollywood seen as a disaster
• Mass entertainment was ‘cheap’ and inauthentic
(rather than accessible by all)
- Saw it as ‘dumbing down’ populations
- This divide between Europe and USA remains
What are some difference between the Manufacturing and Creative Industries?
Manufacturing: large scale, industrially organized, entrepreneur-led, production is key to value, defined sector.
Creative Industries: micro-buisnesses or SME’s, project or office, consumer-led, value for consumption, embedded in others (e.g. health, education, finance, government)
What is the origins of the term “The Culture Industries” and what is this concept?
• Term came about in 1930s and 1940s from the
Frankfurt school who were critical of ‘mass
entertainment’ or newspaper, movies, magazines,
music.
• Key theorists included Adorno, Horkheimer &
Arendt
• Used this concept to describe their disgust at the
success of facism, partly achieved through
mechanical reproduction of mass propaganda
• Entertainment media in the USA culpable for
popular culture heavily criticised (newspapers,
movies, magazines and music) • Hollywood seen as a disaster
The emergence of the creative industries focused on what “twin truths?”
The core of ‘culture’ was still creativity
Creativity is produced, deployed, consumed and
enjoyed very differently to the 18th century
