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Grade 10 Science > Exam > Flashcards

Exam Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell

A

The basic unit of life

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2
Q

What is the cell theory?

A

Explains the basic importance of cells and how they function.

  1. All living things are made up of cells
  2. The cell is a structural and functional unit of all living things. All structures are made up of living cells, or in some cases, the dead remains of cells.
  3. All cells come from pre-existing cells by division. You begin as a combination of two cells: a single sperm and an egg. This combination of cells made your first cell, called a zygote
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3
Q

What are organelles?

A

The relatively simple, organized structures inside cells that keep cells alive.

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4
Q

What is tissue?

A

Group of muscle cells organized into more complex tissue, such as muscle tissue.

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5
Q

Organ Systems

A

Different organ systems can work together to form very complex organ systems, such as the digestive system. No organ system can work by itself. In fact, there are two systems that form an even bigger system. Your cardiopulmonary (circulatory and respiratory).

Organ systems work together so that the individual can function as a whole.

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6
Q

What is the function Nucleus?

A

Controls all activities in the cell and contains genetic material that controls all cell activities.

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7
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes?

A

Produce proteins

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8
Q

What is the function of the Endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Transports food, water, and waste

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9
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Makes energy

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10
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A

Packages proteins

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11
Q

What is the function of the Centrioles?

A

Helps cell divide

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12
Q

What is the function of the Cytoplasm?

A

Jelly-like substance that suspends the organelles, holding them in place while allowing some movement?

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13
Q

/What is the function of the Vacuole

A

Stores water, food and waste.

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14
Q

What are unspecialized cells called?

A

Stem cells, which can change into specialized cells.

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15
Q

What are specialized cells?

A

Important for specific functions within your body and can live in a wide variety of environments, have complex bodies, grow large.

They are dependent on other cells to survive and to perform essential functions. They work together to allow the organism to function as a whole.

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16
Q

Explain the difference between chemical digestion and mechanical digestion

A

Mechanical digestion is the physical breakdown of your food by chewing and by the contraction of the muscles.

Chemical digestion is the chemical breakdown of food using digestive enzymes and gastric juices.

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17
Q

List in order the order of the digestive tract

A

Mouth –> Esophagus –> Stomach –> Small intestine –> Large intestine –>Rectum –>Anus

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18
Q

Explain what an ultrasound, X-ray, CT scan, Nuclear Medicine and MRI, Microscopy

A

Ultrasound - safest, fastest and least expensive imaging technology. Gel is applied to the persons skin and the probe device is wiped across the skin. It converts the echoes into a digital video signal. Useful for checking health of unborn baby. Disadvantage is that it may not detect all birth defects.

X-ray - Type of invisible light used to take pictures of a damaged bone or by dentist to detect cavities. The rays pass through the soft tissue and cast shadows that is recorded on film. Quick and inexpensive. However, it can cause cell damage and cancer

CT Scan - Uses a thin X- ray beam that is rotated around the patient, photographing the area of interest from many different angles. Can detect cancer tumours and blood clots, however, they are expensive to conduct.

Nuclear Medicine - Patient is injected with a radioactive substance. It provides information about the function of an internal structure. However, it is difficult for people who have physical limitations.

MRI - Uses a large magnet that temporarily alters the hydrogen atoms inside the tissue of the body. Useful in determining whether tumors are cancerous. Disadvantage is that the patient has to remain completely still.

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19
Q

Compare and Contrast a Frog and a Human

A

FROG - Breathe slowly through skin and they pump blood with a three-chambered heart

Both - Breathe through lungs and blood circulates their oxygen and nutrients, both have respiratory systems. Both have gallbladders and hear

HUMANS - Breathe through lungs and pump blood with a four-chambered heart

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20
Q

PERIODIC TABLE - WHICH ARE METALS, NON METALS AND METALLOIDS

A

Non-metals - upper right hand section above the metalloids

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21
Q

What is a:

Group 
Period
Hydrogen
Alkali metal
Alkaline earth metal
Hologen
Noble Gas
A

Group - Vertical columns in the periodic table. Elements in the same group have the same number of electrons in their valence shell

Period - Horizontal rows in the periodic table. Elements in the same period have the same number of electron shells

Hydrogen - First element in the periodic table and has 1 proton, electron and no neutrons.

Alkali metal - Solid metals in group 1. Can dissolve in water and are not very reactive

Alkaline earth metals - Solid metals in group 2. Cannot dissolve in water.

Halogen - Gaseous non metals in group 17.

Noble gas - Have completely full valence shells

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22
Q

How to calculate parts that make up the element

A

Number of Protons = Atomic Number
Electrons = Atomic Number
Neutrons = Mass number - Atomic Number

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23
Q

Do metals lose or gain electrons?

A

Metals lose electrons to look like the closest noble gas

non-metals gain electrons to look like the closest noble gas

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24
Q

List two ways that Canadians rely on the combustion of hydrocarbons?

A
  • To heat their homes, cook food and generate electricity
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25
Q

What is the most useful product of combustion?

A

Energy

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26
Q

How does the burning of hydrocarbons affect the environment?

A

Combustion of natural gas releases fewer by-products than the other fossil fuels. Coal, and oil are more chemically complex than natural gas.

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27
Q

Ionic bond

A

Occurs between metals and non-metals

Involves the complete transfer one one or more electrons

28
Q

What are cations and anions?

A

Cation = positive by metal
anion - negative by non0metal

In order to make an ionic bond, you need a cation and an anion present.

29
Q

What are covalent bonds?

A

Form between non-metals

30
Q

When an atom loses an electron, will it have no charge, a positive charge, or a negative charge?

A

Positive

31
Q

When an atom gains an electron will it have no charge, a positive charge or a negative charge?

A

Negative

32
Q

What is written first in an ionic bond; the metal or non-metal?

A

Mtal

33
Q

What types of elements form covalent bonds?

A

Non-metals with other non-metals

34
Q

Binary Compounds

A
  • Can be ionic or covalent and they contain two DIFFERENT elements
  • If it ends in ide or and it is binary
  • When naming them, put the unchanged metal name and the shortened name of the non-metal with ide
35
Q

Polyatomic

A
  • end in ate or ite
36
Q

Explain the difference between diffuse and regular reflection.

A

Regular reflection occurs when light bounces off smooth, glossy surfaces, when light hits a smooth surface, the light reflects at an opposite angle to the angle it hits. Diffuse reflection is easier on your eyes than regular reflection because the light is scattered. Diffuse reflection bounces in a dispersed manner

37
Q

Explain why a white surface appears white when white light is shone upon it (

A

because it reflects white light because it can reflect all the colours of the spectrum that comprise white light.

38
Q

Explain what happens when

cyan light is shone on a green surface

magenta light is shone on a green

Yellow light is shone on a red surface

A

CYAN ON GREEN - The outcome is green - cyan is a primary subtractive colour while green is a subctractive secondary colour; when it absorbs the primary, it reflects green

MAGENTA ON GREEN - all colours are absorbed to make black

YELLOW ON GREEN - The surface changes to a red colour because red contains pigments capable of absorbing red and green light.

39
Q

Explain the difference between a converging and a diverging lens

A

Concave lens are thinner in the centre and ccause the rays to spread further apart when they pass through the lends.

Convex lens cause the light rays to come together at a single point on the opposite ends of the lens.

40
Q

What are the primary light colours and the secondary light colours

A 
primary = red green blue
sec = yellow cyan and magenta
41
Q

What cones would be active in your eye when you see the following colours

yellow
cyan
white

A

yellow - Red and green
cyan - Green and blue
white - Red blue and green

42
Q

Explain the difference between myopia and hyperopia and describe the lenses than can be used to correct these vision impairments

A

Myopia occurs when the cornea is too strongly curved or the eyeball is too long. Myopic people can focus on close objects, but cannot see further objects and it can only be corrected by a concave lens. In contrast, hyperopia occurs when the cornea is too flat or the length of the eyeball is too short. These people can see further objects, but not those that are closer. Hyperopia is corrected by a convex lens.

43
Q

Explain why cyan magenta and yellow can produce white?

A

Magenta contains red and blue light, yellow contains red and green light and cyan contains blue and green light. Since all the primary colours are present, they combine to form white

44
Q

DEFINE THE FOLLOWING TERMS:

Convection
Thermal energy
Conduction 
Raditation 
Albedo 
Latent Heat 
Heat Sinks
A

Thermal energy - another name for heat

Convection - Mechanism of heat transfer where fast-moving molecules move from one location to another in liquid or gas

Conduction - mechanism of heat transfer where molecule vibrations move from one location to another in solid form

Radiation - Mechanism of heat transfer where atoms or molecules emit electromagnetic radiation in the form of invisible waves

Albedo - Used to describe the reflection of the suns heat and light

Specific Heat Capacity - Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree

Latent Heat - Energy that is absorbed or released during the change in state of any substance

Heat Sinks - Objects that absorb solar energy and become warmer

45
Q

List the three ways in which heat can move

A

Conduction, convection and raditation

46
Q

What is the only way that energy can travel from the sun to the earth

A

Through radiation

47
Q

List the 3 electromagnetic waves that carry radiant energy from the sun to the earth’s surface

A

Ultraviolet, visible and infrared radiation

48
Q

With so much radiant energy reaching the earth, how does the earth prevent itself from overheating?

A

The earth radiates as much energy into space as it absorbs from the sun

49
Q

In what region of the atmosphere does weather occur?

A

Troposphere

50
Q

How thick is the ozone layer and what is its role?

A

3mm thick - it stops the ultraviolet radiation frm reaching the earth’s surface

51
Q

How is the atmosphere held in place?

A

The atmosphere is held in place by gravity, which keeps it from floating off of space

52
Q

What happens to atmospheric pressure as one moves from low to high altitudes?

A

Atmosphereic pressure lowers at high altitudes

53
Q

List two reasons why the earth is not heated equally

A
  • Earth rotation occurs over a 24 hour period. Half of the earth faces the sun, and half will be facing away

When the earth orbits, its tilted at 23.5 degrees so some parts of the earth get more direct sunlight than others

54
Q

During which season is the earth closest and furthest from the sun?

A

Closest - Winter

Furthest - Summer

55
Q

How do prevailing winds affect climate

A
  • Affects the amount of precipitation an area receives
  • moves air masses from the ocean onto a continent leading to more moisture
  • moves air masses from the continent to the ocean leading ot drier air
56
Q

How can a shift in ocean currents affect climate

A
  • ocean currents tramsport large amounts of heat to land masses, causing them to remain at a warm temperature.
57
Q

What is the name of the current that passes Newfoundland and Labrador

A

Labrador current

58
Q

Name the type of cloud that forms over flat, moist land on a hot summer day

A

Convection clouds

59
Q

What human activities influence cloud formations and cliamte change

A

fossil fuel burning
biomass burning
surface mining
industrial processes

60
Q

List four natural, non-human causes of cloud formation

A

convective, frontal, orographic lift and radiative cooling

61
Q

List two instances where frontal clouds may form

A
  • if a cold air mass pushes under a warm air mass or a warm mas moves over a cold air mass
62
Q

What is the name of the radiation that is emitted from the ground during radiative cooling

A

infrated long-wave terrestrial radiatiom

63
Q

Raditive fog is associated with what?

A

radiative cooling

64
Q

Give two ways in which clouds play a role in climate

A
  • clouds reflect short-wave solar energy back into space and tend to cool the earth
  • clouds absorb infrared long wave terrestrial radaition and warm the planet
65
Q

How is heat energy stored

A

Large bodies of water are good heat sinks as water has a high specific heat capacity, which means that it heats and cools slowly.

Grade 10 Science (1 decks)

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