Exam 4 Week 1 Flashcards
What growth factors/interleukins cause differentiation of common myeloid and lymphoid progenitors into:
- Megakaryocytes
- Erythrocyte
- Myeloblasts
- Small lymphocytes
- TPO
- EPO
- GM-CSF
- IL-7
Erythropoiesis occurs in _____ and is stimulated by: _____
- Red bone marrow
2. HYPOXIA
6 Steps of Erythropoiesis:
- Proerythroblast
- Basophilic (early) Erythroblast: SOME Hb and nucleus condensing
- Polychromatophilic Erythroblast: MUDDY cytoplasm
- Orthochromatophilic Erythroblast (late): INCREASED Hb
- Reticulocyte: NUCLEUS EJECTED
- Erythrocyte: ONLY HEMOGLOBIN –> Ribosomes ejected with other organelles
6 Steps of Granulocytopoiesis:
- Myeloblast: No granules, Cytoplasmic blebs
- ProMyelocyte: Azurophilic Granules (but NOT specific) and Large nucleus
- Myelocyte: Specific granules, and condensed nucleus (rounded)
- MetaMyelocyte: KIDNEY SHAPED NUCLEUS
- Band: C-Shaped Nucleus
- Mature Form: Basophil, Eosinophil, or Neutrophil
Normal Erythrocytes count in males vs females:
Females = 4.8 Males = 5.4
4 steps of Monocytopoiesis:
- Monoblast
- ProMonocyte: Kidney Shape Nucleus with ONLY Azurophilic granules
- Monocyte: Sky Blue Cytoplasm
2 steps of Thrombopoiesis:
- Megakaryoblast: Polyploid
- Megakaryocyte: Multi-lobed nucleus
* Form Platelet Demarcation Channels* around other cells?
3 steps of Lymphopoiesis:
- Lymphoblasts
- Prolymphocyte: Condensing chromatin, NO ANTIGENS
- Mature form: Either go to Thymus (T-cell) or Bone Marrow (B-Cells)
Pentose phosphate pathway occurs in the ______, and is an alternate pathway for __________.
- Cytosol
2. Glucose Metabolism
What is the MAIN PURPOSE of the PPP?
Production of NADPH AND H+
Where is the PPP most active and why?
- Liver, Adipose, and Mammary Gland –> For FATTY ACID synthesis
- Adrenal cortex, tested and ovaries –> For NADPH to be used in HORMONE synthesis
- Erythrocytes –> For GLUTATHIONE reduction
- WBCs and Macrophages –> For NADPH to be used in Phagocytosis
2 Phases of the PPP:
- Oxidative Phase: IRREVERSIBLE reactions that form NADPH and pentode phosphate –> Enzymes are Dehydrogenases!!
- Non-Oxidative Phase: REVERSIBLE reactions –> Enzymes are TPP (Transketolase) and Transaldolase
Steps of the PPP:
Step #1. Glucose-6-Phosphate --> 6-Phosphogluconolactone Step #2. Converted into --> 6-Phosphogluconate Step #3. Converted into --> Ribulose-5-Phosphate
The LAST step of the PPP forms the final product, ribulose-5-phosphate, via _________.
OXIDATIVE DECARBOXYLATION
But the FIRST step is the rate limiting step
The NonOxidative phase ultimately converts Ribulose-5-Phosphate into Glycolysis intermediates by FIRST forming _____, and then forming ______.
- Ribose-5-Phosphate (via ISOMERASES) and Xylulose-5-Phosphate (via EPIMERASES)
- Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate and Fructose-6-Phosphate
Non Oxidative Phase Steps:
- TRANSKETOLASE with TPP coenzyme: Uses Xylulose-5-Phos and Ribose-5-Phos to form –> Glyceraldehyde-3-Phos and SedoHeptulose-7-Phosphate
- TRANSALDOLASE: converts them into Fructose-6-Phos and Erythrose-4-Phos
- TRANSKETOLASE with TPP again: converts Erythrose-4-Phos and another Xylulose-5-Phos into –> Glyceraldehyde-3-Phos and Fructose-6-Phos
Low TRANSKETOLASE activity in RBCs indicates ________.
Nutritional Thiamine Deficiency
Conversion of Ribulose-5-Phos into Xylulose-5-Phos is part of the ________ phase.
OXIDATIVE (alternative end product)
