Exam 4 - Water

Question 1

All organisms are mostly …..

Answer 1

water

Question 2

5 key properties of water

Answer 2

universal solvent, cohesion and adhesion, high surface tension, high heat capacity, solid form is less dense than liquid form

Question 3

diffusion def

Answer 3

the movement of particles down a concentration gradient (from high to low concentration)

Question 4

osmosis def

Answer 4

the movement of water molecules between two regions. seperated by a semi permeable membrane where water milecules move from high to low concentrations

Question 5

how is osmosis accomplished

Answer 5

aquaporins

Question 6

freshwater salinity?

Answer 6

0 %

Question 7

saltwater salinity?

Answer 7

more than 3%

Question 8

Brackish water salinity?

Answer 8

between 0 and 3 %

Question 9

Issue of single celled organisms in freshwater?

Answer 9

organism will have a lower concentration of water than the environment

Question 10

Strategies of single celled organisms in freshwater related to concentation gradient

Answer 10

they reduce the concentration gradient with the external environment via active transport of solutes

Question 11

Strategies of single celled orgainisms in freshwater related to cell walls

Answer 11

organisms with cell walls may withstand internal pressure of water

Question 12

strategies of single cell organisms in freshwater related to eukaryotes without cell walls

Answer 12

they make use of contractile vacuoles

Question 13

Vaculoles do what ?

Answer 13

fill with excess water and release it outside the cell membraine (requires atp)

Question 14

Single celled organisms in saltwater are usually what ?

Answer 14

osmoconformers. they exist inapassive isotonic balance with environment

Question 15

Can single celled organisms in freshwater environments ever be osmoconformers?

Answer 15

no

Question 16

why are unicellular organisms in terrestrial areas rarely found in the open?

Answer 16

because of their sa/v ration. they have highly permeable membraines, and high internal water concentration.
THey would Quickly Dry up

Question 17

Where do unicellular terrestrials primarly exist

Answer 17

in moist conditions, soil, decaying material, and inside other organisms

Question 18

Where are most unicellular organisms conifined to during their active state?

Answer 18

aquatic or at least high moisture content environments during their active state

Question 19

What about dormant stages?

Answer 19

many protists and prokaryotes are capable of a dormant stage that allows them to survive desication

Question 20

what can the protecion of a cell wall and capsule offer ?

Answer 20

many prokaryotic organisms can survive water conditions that would kill protists

Question 21

why do organisms position themselves in moist environments?

Answer 21

more important for organisms with more permeable external barriers and with limited ablibly to use other strategies to be in moist areas

Question 22

What are some types of modified skin or external barriers

Answer 22

semi permeable skin and impermeable skin

Question 23

what does semi permeable skin do

Answer 23

skin reamains moist, water diffuses into and out of body, mucus is ussed for moisture and additional barrier, has a hardened exoskeleton

Question 24

what does impermeable skin do

Answer 24

provides barrier to diffusion, greater overall protection, thick skin diminishes water loss in terrestrial vertebrates, increases availabl range of environments

Question 25

how do plants modify skin or external barriers

Answer 25

terrestrial plants create mostly impermeable surface by a waxy cuticle that covers exposed green epidermal tissues like in the leaves a think bark layer on the stem of woody species

Question 26

what is stomata in leavs used for

Answer 26

allows for gas exchange

Question 27

what dos stomata lead to

Answer 27

over 90 percent of the water taken in by the plants roots is lost to the atmosphere throgh transpiration

Question 28

Opening and closing the stomata?

Answer 28

Dpends on the process of osmosis, closing the stomata can control water loss on a short term basis

Question 29

What happens when quard cells have high water content?

Answer 29

they bulge and stoma open

Question 30

what happens when guard cells have low water content?

Answer 30

the stoma close

Question 31

What does a plants vacuole do

Answer 31

stores water.

Question 32

what happens when water is limited to a vacuole

Answer 32

the vacuole loses water and causes cells to be less firm

Question 33

do transpiration rates increase of decrease with temp and wind? why?

Answer 33

increase because water evaporates quicker

Question 34

stomata in deserts?

Answer 34

may close at high temps, many only open at night

Question 35

Internal water retention mechanisms def ex 1

Answer 35

also called piping, it keps water recycling withing the organism

Question 36

what does iwrm usually involve? ex 1

Answer 36

specialized piping system for efficient, targeted movment of fluids and a filtering /water recapture mecchanism

Question 37

what are vascular plant specialized vascular systems of

Answer 37

xylem and phloem

Question 38

How do animals use iwrm? ex 1

Answer 38

some use simple hemal systems, hydraulic vascular systems, or both. and others have a complex circulatory system

Question 39

OSMOSIS SIMPLE

Answer 39

high concentrated water is trying to move where there is a lower concentation

Question 40

what is water retention mexhanism ex 2

Answer 40

recapture ........... (EX 1 is piping)

Question 41

recapture def

Answer 41

to maintain homeostasis, or water balance, organisms may actively rgulate both volume and compsition of fluids

Question 42

what does the excretory system do

Answer 42

rids the body of metabolic wastes to maintain ideal internal concentrtions

Question 43

major components of the excretory system?

Answer 43

kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

Question 44

what is the functional unit of the kidney

Answer 44

nephron

Question 45

main idea of the nephron

Answer 45

uses concentation gradients and diffusion to filter water and wastes

Question 46

Limbs of the nephron info?

Answer 46

Decending limb is h20 permeable, the ascending limb is h20 impermeable

Question 47

salt concentration of nephron

Answer 47

high salt concentation at the lower points, and low salt concentration at higher points

Question 48

kidney dialis route?

Answer 48

slides ig

Question 49

three ways to excretion nitrogenous wastes?

Answer 49

Ammonotelism, Ureotelism, uricotelism

Question 50

what is ammonotelism

Answer 50

excretion of ammonia

Question 51

what is ureotelism

Answer 51

excretion of urea

Question 52

what is uricotelism

Answer 52

excretion of uric acid

Question 53

ammonia, urea, uric .......labbel arrows

Answer 53

more energy needed to produce ---------> <------------more water needed to excrete

Question 54

what do organisms that are going to lose a fair amount of water ddo?

Answer 54

intake more water than is lost

Question 55

What do plants do if they still lose a fari amount of water

Answer 55

they have highly modifed water uptake structures

Question 56

root haris def

Answer 56

cullular projections of the epidermis that collectivle provide a huge surfac area for water uptake

Question 57

domant stage masters?

Answer 57

fungi and plants due to their use of spores and seeds

Question 58

what threat cuases organisms to become dormant?

Answer 58

threat of desiccation

Question 59

what type of animals can survive desiccation often

Answer 59

aquatic/semi aquatic micro organisms like rotifers and nematodes

Question 60

what other ways can water be lost?

Answer 60

gas exchange (breathing) evaporative cooling (sweating) wastes (ppee and poop)

Question 61

what impacts how water can be lost ?

Answer 61

activity rate, time, location, and environemnt

Question 62

how are water issues countered

Answer 62

be nocturnal be energy efficient concentrate urine be selective in microbabitat choices