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Diversity of Life Biology > Exam 4 - Water > Flashcards

Exam 4 - Water Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

All organisms are mostly …..

A

water

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2
Q

5 key properties of water

A

universal solvent, cohesion and adhesion, high surface tension, high heat capacity, solid form is less dense than liquid form

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3
Q

diffusion def

A

the movement of particles down a concentration gradient (from high to low concentration)

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4
Q

osmosis def

A

the movement of water molecules between two regions. seperated by a semi permeable membrane where water milecules move from high to low concentrations

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5
Q

how is osmosis accomplished

A

aquaporins

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6
Q

freshwater salinity?

A

0 %

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7
Q

saltwater salinity?

A

more than 3%

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8
Q

Brackish water salinity?

A

between 0 and 3 %

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9
Q

Issue of single celled organisms in freshwater?

A

organism will have a lower concentration of water than the environment

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10
Q

Strategies of single celled organisms in freshwater related to concentation gradient

A

they reduce the concentration gradient with the external environment via active transport of solutes

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11
Q

Strategies of single celled orgainisms in freshwater related to cell walls

A

organisms with cell walls may withstand internal pressure of water

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12
Q

strategies of single cell organisms in freshwater related to eukaryotes without cell walls

A

they make use of contractile vacuoles

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13
Q

Vaculoles do what ?

A

fill with excess water and release it outside the cell membraine (requires atp)

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14
Q

Single celled organisms in saltwater are usually what ?

A

osmoconformers. they exist inapassive isotonic balance with environment

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15
Q

Can single celled organisms in freshwater environments ever be osmoconformers?

A

no

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16
Q

why are unicellular organisms in terrestrial areas rarely found in the open?

A

because of their sa/v ration. they have highly permeable membraines, and high internal water concentration.
THey would Quickly Dry up

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17
Q

Where do unicellular terrestrials primarly exist

A

in moist conditions, soil, decaying material, and inside other organisms

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18
Q

Where are most unicellular organisms conifined to during their active state?

A

aquatic or at least high moisture content environments during their active state

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19
Q

What about dormant stages?

A

many protists and prokaryotes are capable of a dormant stage that allows them to survive desication

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20
Q

what can the protecion of a cell wall and capsule offer ?

A

many prokaryotic organisms can survive water conditions that would kill protists

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21
Q

why do organisms position themselves in moist environments?

A

more important for organisms with more permeable external barriers and with limited ablibly to use other strategies to be in moist areas

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22
Q

What are some types of modified skin or external barriers

A

semi permeable skin and impermeable skin

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23
Q

what does semi permeable skin do

A

skin reamains moist, water diffuses into and out of body, mucus is ussed for moisture and additional barrier, has a hardened exoskeleton

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24
Q

what does impermeable skin do

A

provides barrier to diffusion, greater overall protection, thick skin diminishes water loss in terrestrial vertebrates, increases availabl range of environments

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25
Q

how do plants modify skin or external barriers

A

terrestrial plants create mostly impermeable surface by
a waxy cuticle that covers exposed green epidermal tissues like in the leaves
a think bark layer on the stem of woody species

26
Q

what is stomata in leavs used for

A

allows for gas exchange

27
Q

what dos stomata lead to

A

over 90 percent of the water taken in by the plants roots is lost to the atmosphere throgh transpiration

28
Q

Opening and closing the stomata?

A

Dpends on the process of osmosis, closing the stomata can control water loss on a short term basis

29
Q

What happens when quard cells have high water content?

A

they bulge and stoma open

30
Q

what happens when guard cells have low water content?

A

the stoma close

31
Q

What does a plants vacuole do

A

stores water.

32
Q

what happens when water is limited to a vacuole

A

the vacuole loses water and causes cells to be less firm

33
Q

do transpiration rates increase of decrease with temp and wind? why?

A

increase because water evaporates quicker

34
Q

stomata in deserts?

A

may close at high temps, many only open at night

35
Q

Internal water retention mechanisms def ex 1

A

also called piping, it keps water recycling withing the organism

36
Q

what does iwrm usually involve? ex 1

A

specialized piping system for efficient, targeted movment of fluids
and a filtering /water recapture mecchanism

37
Q

what are vascular plant specialized vascular systems of

A

xylem and phloem

38
Q

How do animals use iwrm? ex 1

A

some use simple hemal systems, hydraulic vascular systems, or both. and others have a complex circulatory system

39
Q

OSMOSIS SIMPLE

A

high concentrated water is trying to move where there is a lower concentation

40
Q

what is water retention mexhanism ex 2

A

recapture ……….. (EX 1 is piping)

41
Q

recapture def

A

to maintain homeostasis, or water balance, organisms may actively rgulate both volume and compsition of fluids

42
Q

what does the excretory system do

A

rids the body of metabolic wastes to maintain ideal internal concentrtions

43
Q

major components of the excretory system?

A

kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

44
Q

what is the functional unit of the kidney

A

nephron

45
Q

main idea of the nephron

A

uses concentation gradients and diffusion to filter water and wastes

46
Q

Limbs of the nephron info?

A

Decending limb is h20 permeable, the ascending limb is h20 impermeable

47
Q

salt concentration of nephron

A

high salt concentation at the lower points, and low salt concentration at higher points

48
Q

kidney dialis route?

A

slides ig

49
Q

three ways to excretion nitrogenous wastes?

A

Ammonotelism, Ureotelism, uricotelism

50
Q

what is ammonotelism

A

excretion of ammonia

51
Q

what is ureotelism

A

excretion of urea

52
Q

what is uricotelism

A

excretion of uric acid

53
Q

ammonia, urea, uric …….labbel arrows

A

more energy needed to produce ———>
<————more water needed to excrete

54
Q

what do organisms that are going to lose a fair amount of water ddo?

A

intake more water than is lost

55
Q

What do plants do if they still lose a fari amount of water

A

they have highly modifed water uptake structures

56
Q

root haris def

A

cullular projections of the epidermis that collectivle provide a huge surfac area for water uptake

57
Q

domant stage masters?

A

fungi and plants due to their use of spores and seeds

58
Q

what threat cuases organisms to become dormant?

A

threat of desiccation

59
Q

what type of animals can survive desiccation often

A

aquatic/semi aquatic micro organisms like rotifers and nematodes

60
Q

what other ways can water be lost?

A

gas exchange (breathing)
evaporative cooling (sweating)
wastes (ppee and poop)

61
Q

what impacts how water can be lost ?

A

activity rate, time, location, and environemnt

62
Q

how are water issues countered

A

be nocturnal
be energy efficient
concentrate urine
be selective in microbabitat choices

Diversity of Life Biology (5 decks)

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