Exam 4 Updated

Question 1

What is the stage period for adolescents?

Answer 1

This is the period between 11 to 21 years old. Development here is very broad because it is a large group of individuals.

Question 2

On average at what age do females begin puberty? Males?

Answer 2

Females typically start at around 11 years of age and males start at around 12

Question 3

What changes will come along once puberty hits?

Answer 3

There will be changes in sexual maturation, increase in height and weight, increase in skeletal mass, and changes in body composition.

Question 4

How should we assess pubertal growth and development when every individual is different.

Answer 4

Since we know that development and onset of puberty changes may occur earlier or later for some, we cannot rely our assessment on age. Instead we rely on the maturation of the secondary sex characteristics such as breast development, hair development, penile and testicular gland development.

Question 5

What is the sexual maturation rate?

Answer 5

This is what the individualized assessment and we measure it based on a scale called the tanner stages. These stages helps us understand the degree of pubertal maturation. It does NOT consider chronological age.

Question 6

What are the 5 tanner stages?

Answer 6

SMR1: prepubertal growth and development (pre puberty)
SMR 2-5: occurrences through puberty
SMR 5: end of sexual maturation

Question 7

What happens during the tanner stages?

Answer 7

As the SMR stages advance, there will be changes in height, weight, hormones, etc.

Question 8

When does height spurt occur for females? When is their peak?

Answer 8

Before SMR 2, they begin to have a growth spurt. By stage 3, their peak is formed.

Question 9

When does menstruation occur for females?

Answer 9

During SMR stage 3 and 4

Question 10

Who is more likely to have early menarche? E

Answer 10

Typically, it is ethnic groups that are linked to higher body fat.

Question 11

Who is more likely to have late menarche?

Answer 11

Athletes involved in extreme physical activity

Question 12

What bod composition changes occur during puberty in females?

Answer 12

Fat mass increases and this is important to start the menstrual cycle because more fat is linked to more hormonal fluctuations.
Increased fat can also help us maintain ocvulation.
Females can gain up to 18lbs a year during their peak weight gain

Question 13

What is the problem with increased fat mass in females?

Answer 13

Sometimes, they can be self-conscious because they think they are becoming overweight and can induce unhealthy eating behaviors.

Question 14

How much fat is needed for menarche to begin? How about to maintain?

Answer 14

17% is neeeded to start but 25% is needed to maintain a regular ovulation cycle

Question 15

How does body composition during puberty play a role in males?

Answer 15

they usually have an increase in muscle mass and decrease in body fat. Their peak weight gain is linked to their peak growth. By the end of puberty, their body fat decreases to 12%
1

Question 16

How much of skeletal mass is formed by the age of 18?? Why is this such a critical time?

Answer 16

90%… its important because this is the time for osteoporosis prevention. We have to take care of bone ass through adequate dietary intake since bone development is based on the consumption of certain nutrients

Question 17

Bone mass and development relies on the consumption of which nutrients?

Answer 17

Calcium, Vitamin D, Vitamin K, Protein, Phosphorus, Magnesium, and iron

Question 18

What are the 3 psychosocial stages?

Answer 18

Early Adolescnets: 11-14
Middle Adolescents: 15-17
Late Adolescents: 18-21

Question 19

What are some components of the early adolescent psychosocial stage?

Answer 19

• This is from ages 11-14 and it is where teens are self-conscious about body image. They are impulsive and want immediate results, this is concrete thinking.
• Cannot connect future self to current self

Question 20

t/f Females that mature early are less likely to have poor body image issue

Answer 20

False

Question 21

t/f males that mature later feel inferior

Answer 21

true

Question 22

What are the counseling goals for the early adolescent stage?

Answer 22

Create short-term family concerns. Since they want immediate results, focus on aspects that can be addressed immediately.

Question 23

What are some components of the middle adolescence stage?

Answer 23

In this stage, teens are much more independent but their peer pressure increases significantly.

• they may listen to peers more than parents
• Here the have abstract reasoning but still revert to concrete thinking. If poor body image issues are present, they can use diet pills, laxatives, or alcohol

Question 24

What are some counseling goals for teens in the middle adolescence stage?

Answer 24

Create concrete and understandable goals that target certain things. They will need help developing good eating habits

Question 25

What are some components of the late adolescence stage?

Answer 25

Here teens are much more developed and may have established body image, greater sense of identity, moral beliefs, etc

• They are less impulsive and less influenced by peers.
• they can think about the future and are interested in improving overall health.

Question 26

What are some counseling goals for teens in the late adolescence stage?

Answer 26

Address their long term goals

Question 27

How do we determine nutrient needs?

Answer 27

Nutrition should be determined by the degree of sexual maturation and biolagical age, instead of chronological age.

Question 28

What are some common unhealthy behaviors?

Answer 28

Frequent dieting, meal skipping, unhealthy dietary patterns, frequent consumption of food high in fat and sugar, fast food, soft drinks, energy dense snacks

Question 29

What is an adolescents way of thinking? How does it change?

Answer 29

At first, they are concrete thinkers. Their abstract reasoning ability do not develop fully until late adolescence. this is important to understand because their education efforts must mimic their thinking skills.

Question 30

What factors can influence eating behaviors?

Answer 30

Peers, parents, food availability, food preferences, cost of food, conveniences, personal and cultural beliefs, mass media, and body image

Question 31

t/f children who consume family meals tend to consume more nutrient dense foods

Answer 31

True

Question 32

How are adolescents meeting nutritional requirements?

Answer 32

Very few adolescents are meeting nutritional requirements for fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and calcium. Most exceed the energy requirement

Question 33

How should nutritional messages be presented? T

Answer 33

They should focus on what is important for their lives at the moment.

Question 34

Why is calcium intake important ?

Answer 34

Because this stage is where peak bone mass occurs. This all plays a role in osteoporosis prevention

Question 35

What is a body image issue?

Answer 35

The desire to change rate of growth or body proportion by manipulating diets in a negative way.

Question 36

With body image issues, what do girls tend to do? Boys?

Answer 36

Girls ted to restrict diet and boys tend to take pills to increase muscle mass

Question 37

What are the requirements of energy influenced by?

Answer 37

Activity level, basal metabolic rate, pubertal growth, and development

Question 38

What is Basal metabolic Rate?

Answer 38

The minimal amount of calories required to sustain the minimum function of the body

Question 39

Why is vitamin D inmportant?

Answer 39

It helps promote calcium absorption, maintains adequate serum calcium, and phosphate concentrations. In other words, it helps maintain the levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood so it doesn’t need to obtain substances from the bone.

Question 40

Why are iron and folate important?

Answer 40

In females, these are important for pregnancy. Since females lose a lot of iron due to blood loss in menstrual cycle, the requirement is higher. Folate is used for DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. Adequate intakes reduces the risk of birth defects.