Exam 4 Terminology - BIOL 200

Question 1

Root Nodule

Answer 1

Nodules found on the roots of plants, primarily legumes, that form a symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria (ex: Rhizobia).

Question 2

Rhizobia

Answer 2

A bacterium that forms a symbiotic relationship with alfalfa, peas, and lentils by entering a plant’s roots and forming nodes where Rhizobia resides and fixes N2 into a form the plant can use. Plant provides carbon for Rhizobia.

Question 3

Legume

Answer 3

Lentils, chickpeas, black peas, etc.

Question 4

GMO

Answer 4

Genetically modified organisms that protect plants from a specific disease or insect, ensuring greater food production.

Question 5

Nitrogen (N) Fixation

Answer 5

Process which converts nitrogen from the air into compounds (ex: NH4+).

Question 6

Nitrogenase Complex

Answer 6

a bacterial enzyme that catalyzes the ATP-dependent reduction of dinitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3).

Question 7

NifL

Answer 7

A transcription factor that inhibits the transcription of nitrogenase subunits.

Question 8

NifH

Answer 8

A transcription factor that promotes the transcription of nitrogenase subunits so NH4+ is produced.

Question 9

Klebsiella

Answer 9

Another type of bacteria that fixes nitrogen for their host plants.

Question 10

Microbiome

Answer 10

A community of microorganisms that can usually be found living together in any given habitat.

Question 11

Pathogen

Answer 11

Any organism that causes disease in their host organism.

Question 12

Innate Immunity

Answer 12

The body’s first line of defense against intruders.

Question 13

Leukocytes

Answer 13

A type of white blood cell that protects host from infectious diseases.

Question 14

Macrophage

Answer 14

Releases cytokines that recruit other cells to wound site and stimulate phagocytosis.

Question 15

Neutrophils

Answer 15

Neutrophils use chemotaxis to find wound site & then ingest/destroy pathogens.

Question 16

Mast Cells

Answer 16

Type of white blood cell that secretes histamines.

Question 17

Cytokines

Answer 17

Short-lived signaling proteins that help control inflammation in your body.

Question 18

Histamine

Answer 18

Makes blood cells larger (dilated) and more permeable.

Question 19

Platelets

Answer 19

Blood components that create reactions to form clots and lessen bleeding.

Question 20

Phagocytosis

Answer 20

The process by which a cell engulfs a particle and digests it.

Question 21

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

Answer 21

Found on the surface of phagocytes and promote the attachment of microorganisms to phagocytes leading to their subsequent engulfment and destruction.

Question 22

Antigen

Answer 22

A substance that triggers an immune response in the body, such as a protein from a bacterium or a virus.

Question 23

Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs)

Answer 23

Well-defined pattern recognition receptors responsible for pathogen recognition and induction of innate immune responses.

Question 24

Spaetzle

Answer 24

A gene required in the signal transduction pathway that establishes the dorsal-ventral pattern of the Drosophila embryo.

Question 25

Pelle

Answer 25

A gene that controls the degradation of the Cactus protein.

Question 26

Cactus

Answer 26

An inhibiting enzyme that when paired with the Dorsal will block the signaling pathway from generating the anti-fungal agent gene.

Question 27

Dorsal

Answer 27

A gene that induces the signalling pathway to produce the anti-fungal gene by binding to the Dorsal binding site near the TATA box.

Question 28

Chemokines

Answer 28

Signaling proteins secreted by cells of the immune system that stimulate the movement of other cells.

Question 29

Mutualism

Answer 29

An interaction between two different species that benefits both of them.

Question 30

Commensalism

Answer 30

An interaction between individuals of two species in which one species obtains food or other benefits from the other without either harming or benefiting the latter.

Question 31

Competition

Answer 31

An interaction between organisms or species in which both require a resource that is in limited supply.

Question 32

CRISPR

Answer 32

A technology that research scientists use to selectively modify the DNA of living organisms.

Question 33

Cas9 + gRNA

Answer 33

The gRNA guides CRISPR on where to cut along the Cas9 protein.

Question 34

Pam site

Answer 34

A short, conserved sequence on the targeted strand of DNA adjacent to the protospacer (the target DNA): PAM sequence is 5'-NGG-3'.

Question 35

dCas9

Answer 35

A dead version of Cas9 protein.

Question 36

Tissue Culture

Answer 36

Growth of tissues or cells in an artificial medium separate from the parent organism.

Question 36

Bacteriophage

Answer 36

Viruses that infect bacteria.

Question 37

Agrobacterium

Answer 37

A soil bacterium that can transfer its DNA to plant cells.

Question 38

Simplification of the Nitrogen Fixation Pathway

Answer 38

1) NH4+ is detected 2) Signaling pathway is activated 3) NifA (transcription factor) aids in helping organism respond optimally to environment 4) NifL...

Question 39

Simplification of the Signaling Pathway for Drosophila

Answer 39

1) Pathogen is detected 2)

Question 40

Ubiquinnation

Answer 40

Targeting a protein for degradation.

Question 41

What are the steps of the innate inflammatory response?

Answer 41

1) Bacteria enter wound 2) Platelets clot to form a physical barrier 3) Macrophages release chemokines (so other white cells kill bacteria) 4) Mast cells release histamine 5) Neutrophils remove pathogens with phagocytosis 6) More white blood cells arrive to wound (mature macrophages)