Exam 4 -- Senescence and Hallucinations

Question 1

What is the name of the phenomenon where a person sees the same object multiple times (at the same time)?

Answer 1

Polyopia

Question 2

When tested at 16 cpd, a 70 year old patient will require how much more contrast than a 20 year old patient?

Answer 2

Three times more contrast

Question 3

True or false: a formed hallucination is a sensory perception in the absence of an external stimulus.

Answer 3

True. This is what distinguishes it from visual illusions, which are misperceptions of a visual stimulus.

Question 4

Reduction to the inferior longitudinal fasciculus has been associated with what type of agnosia?

Answer 4

Prosopagnosia.

Question 5

It is thought that dementia-induced hallucinations and caffeine-induced hallucinations occur because of ________________.

Answer 5

Poor perfusion

Question 6

The antidepressant trazodone can cause which visual hallucinations?

Answer 6

Palinopsia and polyopia

Question 7

_______________ is the perception that objects are farther away than they really are, and can result fro micropsia.

Answer 7

Teleopsia

Question 8

What is the name of the phenomenon where a visual immage recurrently appears after the stimulus has disappeared?

Answer 8

Palinopsia

Question 9

The percentage of people failing the D-15 test increases with age, primarily due to what kind of defects?

Answer 9

Tritan defects

Question 10

A shortage of inhibition due to which neurotransmitter might underlie age-related visual deficits?

Answer 10

GABA

Question 11

The percentage of people with stereoacuity thresholds equal or better than 85 arcseconds decreases with age. According to the study cited in the presentation, what percentage of older people had full (20 arcsec) stereopsis, and what percentage had no stereopsis?

Answer 11

27% had full stereopsis, 29% had no stereopsis

Question 12

Which is more common, congenital prosopagnosia or acquired prosopagnosia?

Answer 12

Congenital.

Question 13

Damage to which area of the brain can result in akinetopsia?

Answer 13

V5

Question 14

Micropsia and teleopsia are caused by defects in which part of the brain? (Hint: it’s the same location as neglect and allesthesia.)

Answer 14

Parietal lobe

Question 15

What is the name of the condition in which blind patients experience vivid, complex visual hallucinations?

Answer 15

Charles Bonnet Syndrome

Question 16

Focal epileptic hallucinations are most often caused by seizures in what area?

Answer 16

Posterior temporal-parietal junction. Focal epileptic seizures can also cause nystagmus, macropsia, and kinetopsia.

Question 17

True or false: damage that causes prosopagnosia is usually bilateral, but is occasionally to the right hemisphere only.

Answer 17

True.

Question 18

Macropsia and pelopsia might be caused by defects in which part of the brain? (Hint: it’s the same location as associative agnosia.)

Answer 18

Temporal-occipital junction

Question 19

What is the name of the phenomenon where structured geometric figures occur, often in a repetitive pattern?

Answer 19

Photopsia

Question 20

_______________ is the transfer of visual images from one half of the visual field to the other.

Answer 20

Visual allesthesia.

Question 21

_______________ is a reduction in pereceived object size and can lead to teleopsia.

Answer 21

Micropsia

Question 22

Hallucinations caused by which condition often cause inanimate objects to be viewed as living beings or parts of living beings?

Answer 22

Parkinson disease.

Question 23

_______________ is an enlargement of objects seen and can lead to pelopsia.

Answer 23

Macropsia

Question 24

Dark adaptation in older individuals takes longer than in younger people. This is affected by senile miosis. How much does pupil size shrink per decade of life?

Answer 24

0.5 mm

Question 25

True or false: older patients have reduced CFFs, particularly at intermediate and high spatial frequencies.

Answer 25

True.

Question 26

_______________ is the perception that objects are closer than they really are, and can result from macropsia.

Answer 26

Pelopsia