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ARCHIVED: Pathophysiology > Exam 4: Reproductive > Flashcards

Exam 4: Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

Alternate names for mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts:

A

Meso: Wolffian
Parameso: Mullerian

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2
Q

Development of male fetus:

A

Y chromosome produces anti-mullerian hormone
Causes paramesonephric duct to shrivel
Preserves mesonephric duct

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3
Q

Development of female fetus:

A

Anti-wolffian hormone causes mesonephric duct to shrivel

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4
Q

Development of external genitalia is based on:

A

Androgen levels

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5
Q

Pathway sperm travel through:

A 
Testis
Ductus epididymis
Ductus (vas) deferens
Ampulla
Ejaculatory duct
Urethra
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6
Q

Glands of the male tract:

A

Seminal vesicles
Prostate
Bulbourethral (Cowper’s)

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7
Q

Types of cells in the seminferous tubules:

A

Sertoli

Spermatagonia

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8
Q

Interstitial cells in the testes:

A

Leydig cells

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9
Q

Reason for fat deposits in the testes:

A

Need fat for cholesterol for steroids like testosterone!

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10
Q

Effect of exogenous testosterone on the testes:

A

They will shrink

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11
Q

Role of Sertoli cells:

A

Support cells that provide growth factors and nutrients for developing sperm cells, influenced by testosterone

Sertoli = FSH
Leydig = LH
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12
Q

One spermatogonium becomes:

A

One daughter spermatogonium

One daughter spermatocyte → 4 sperm

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13
Q

Inhibin and activin are:

A

Testicular hormones that inhibit/promote FSH secretion in the pituitary

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14
Q

LH effect in the testes:

A

Stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone

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15
Q

FSH effect in the testes:

A

Stimulates Sertoli cells to Support Sperm production

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16
Q

Testosterone + FSH effect in the testes:

A

Stimulates Sertoli cells for sperm production

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17
Q

Pathogenesis of benign prostate hyperplasia:

A

Epithelial cells over-replicate and push on capsule, which compresses the urethra

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18
Q

Prostate cancer basics:

A

Very slow growing and rarely lethal

Most common metastasis sites are lymph nodes, bones, liver, adrenals

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19
Q

Four zones of the prostate:

A

Central zone
Peripheral zone
Transitional zone
Periurethral zone

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20
Q

BPH usually starts in the:

A

Central zone

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21
Q

Prostate carcinoma usually begins in the:

A

Peripheral zone

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22
Q

Digital rectal exam can feel:

A

Prostate carcinoma

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23
Q

Bacteria responsible for chlamydia:

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

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24
Q

Bacteria responsible for gonorrhea:

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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25
Q

Bacteria responsible for syphilis:

A

Treponema pallidum

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26
Q

Bacteria responsible for chancroid:

A

Haemophilus ducreyi

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27
Q

S/s of syphilis:

A

Painless lesions/ulcerations

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28
Q

Microscopy of syphilis:

A

Spirochetes on darkfield

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29
Q

HHV strain that causes genital herpes:

A

HHV-2

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30
Q

S/s of genital herpes:

A

Painful superficial lesions that begin as vesicles and re-occur in the same place

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31
Q

HHV strain that causes cold sores and the nerve it prefers:

A

HHV-1; trigeminal

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32
Q

S/s of chancroid:

A

Wider, deeper, painful ulcers

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33
Q

Genital ulcers, in order of smallest to deepest:

A

Herpes
Syphilis
Chancroid

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34
Q

Incidence of chlamydia:

A

10% of women 15-24yo

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35
Q

S/s of chlamydia:

A

Often asymptomatic
Can cause PID
Scars the fallopian tubes and causes infertility

36
Q

Strains of HPV that cause warts:

A

6, 11, etc

37
Q

Tx of genital warts:

A

Burning
Freezing
Acid

38
Q

S/s of gonorrhea:

A

♂ Yellow/white discharge from penis
♀ Yellow/greenish discharge

Pain/burning during urination

39
Q

Tx of gonorrhea:

A

Abx (pcn)

40
Q

Organism behind trichomonas:

A

Protozoan; trichomonas vaginalis

41
Q

S/s of trichomonas:

A

♂ Asymptomatic

♀ ↑ pH in vagina to 5-6; ↑ in concurrent infections

42
Q

S/s of scabies:

A

Itching!! especially in soft, moist, intertriginous regions (groin, axilla, etc)

43
Q

Crabs are caused by:

A

Phthirus pubis / pubic louse

44
Q

Order of follicle development in ovary:

A

Primordial → primary → secondary → Graafian (mature)

45
Q

Every month this many primordial follicles start growing:

A

About a dozen

46
Q

Stimulus for follicle to burst:

A

Spike in LH/progesterone and ↑ collagenase

47
Q

After ovulation, follicle becomes:

A

Corpus luteum, then corpus albicans (small scar)

48
Q

Ideally sperm meets egg at:

A

Ampulla of fallopian tube

49
Q

Cumulus oophorus is:

A

Cells surrounding egg that remain around egg after release

50
Q

Antrum layer is:

A

Fluid filled layer of follicle, very high in estrogen, that will not let follicle develop

51
Q

Granulosa layer is:

A

Closest to the egg; converts androgens to estrogens from the theca interna

52
Q

Theca internal layer is:

A

Producer of androgens; LH receptors

53
Q

Theca externa layer is:

A

Connective tissue; must be ripped through to ovulate

54
Q

LH effect in ovaries:

A

Stimulates the theca interna cells to produce androgens

55
Q

FSH effect in ovaries:

A

Stimulates the granulosa cells to convert androgen to estrogen and support egg development

56
Q

FSH effect in ovaries:

A

Stimulates the granulosa cells to convert androgen to estrogen and support egg development

57
Q

Events of preovulatory/follicular/proliferative phase:

A

Estrogen driven

FSH stimulates follicles and promotes development of endometrium, produces estrogen which stimulates egg

58
Q

Events of midcycle:

A

Big surge of LH, FSH, estrogen; follicle ruptures

59
Q

Events of post-ovulatory/luteal/secretory phase:

A

LH driven

Follicle becomes corpus luteum and produces progesterone/estrogen

60
Q

Role of progesterone:

A

Supports the endometrium until implantation

61
Q

Estrogen’s effects on pre-ovulatory follicle:

A

Inihibits normal feedback loop; ↓ FSH and LH, preventing possible development (BCP mechanism)

62
Q

Estrogen’s effects on mid-cycle follicle:

A

Positive feedback causes spike of LH/FSH

63
Q

Hcg produced by:

A

Newly forming chorion

64
Q

Hormone tested for to determine pregnancy:

A

βhCG

65
Q

Role of HCG in pregnancy:

A

Looks like LH; binds to corpus luteum to keep it producing progesterone and preserve the endometrium

66
Q

TSH levels in pregnancy:

A

↓ because HCG looks just like it

67
Q

FSH/LH throughout lifespan:

A

High at birth
Nothing until puberty
Monthly up/down until menopause
Stay up at menopause

68
Q

HPV causes cancer by:

A

Blocking tumor suppressor genes and development of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

69
Q

High-risk HPV strains:

A

16, 18, others

70
Q

Epithelial area at highest risk for cervical cancer:

A

Squamocolumnar junction; at birth and after the 20s, is tucked up inside cervix and not accessible to HPV; in teens/20s, is more out towards vagina and susceptible

71
Q

Uterine fibroids also called:

A

Leiomyomas

72
Q

Most common female reproductive cancer:

A

Endometrial cancer

73
Q

S/s of endometrial cancer:

A

Bleeding, esp. in post-menopausal women

74
Q

Salpingitis caused by:

A

Infection or endometriosis

75
Q

Pathogenesis of ectopic pregnancy:

A

Egg gets stuck in tube due to scarring/inflammation

76
Q

Pathogenesis of PCOS:

A

FSH and LH get out of sync; LH stimulates androgens but low FSH will leave androgens leftover, unconverted

77
Q

S/s of PCOS:

A

Enlarged, cystic ovaries
Facial hair growth
Infertility

78
Q

Tx for PCOS:

A

OCPs with 10-14 days progesterone
Metformin
Meds to reduce hair growth (spironolactone)
Meds to achieve pregnancy (Clomid, FSH/LH)
Surgery (ovarian drilling, hair removal)

79
Q

Ovarian cancer:

A

High mortality rate/poor prognosis due to no s/s until advanced
Tends to metastasize
Higher risk for BRCA1
90% come from surface epithelial cells

80
Q

Teratomas typically occur:

A

Midline or where gonads are

81
Q

Complete molar pregnancy:

A

Chorionic villi are all vesicular, no fetal/embryonic tissue (diploid maternal DNA) - positive pregnancy test due to Hcg

82
Q

Partial molar pregnancy:

A

Deformed triploid fetus present or diploid paternal DNA

83
Q

S/s of pre-eclampsia:

A

Hypertension
Proteinuria
Edema

84
Q

Pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia:

A

Hypoalbuminemia; inadequate development of placental spiral arteries, somehow fetus signals to ↑ BP

85
Q

S/s of eclampsia:

A

Seizures; can be fatal

86
Q

Dx’ing amenorrhea:

A

Progesterone challenge

ARCHIVED: Pathophysiology (18 decks)

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